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level: Level 4

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 4

Question	Answer
- amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community	Level of Disease
Levels of Disease Occurence	1 Sporadic level 2 Endemic level 3 Hyperendemic level 4 Epidemic or Outbreak 5 Pandemic
1 Occasional cases occurring at irregular interval 2 Persistent occurrence with a low to moderate level 3 Persistently high level of occurrence 4 Occurrence clearly in excess of the expected level for a given time period 5 Epidemic spread over several countries or continents, affecting large number of people	1 Sporadic Level 2 Endemic 3 Hyperendemic level 4 Epidemic or Outbreak 5 Pandemic
Epidemic patterns	1 Common-Source Epidemics: - Single exposure or “point source” epidemics. -Continuous or multiple exposure epidemics. 2 Propagated Epidemics: - Person to person. - Arthropod vector - Animal reservoir 3 Mixed Epidemics. 4 Slow ‘modern’ Epidemics: NC “non-communicable diseases”
-Exposure is Brief and simultaneous (immediate or concurrent) exposure. -All cases develop within one incubation period (food poisoning epidemics). Features of epidemic curve: 1-Rises and falls rapidly, no secondary waves. 2-Tends to be explosive, with clustering of cases within narrow interval of time. 3-All cases develop within one incubation period.	Common Source Epidemics A) Single-exposure ‘point’ epidemics
Frequently not always due to exposure to an infectious agent They can result from contamination of the environment (air, water, food, soil) by industrial pollutants Ex. Minamata disease in Japan from consumption of fish containing high concentrations of methyl mercury 1-The exposure from the same source may be prolonged-continuous, repeated or intermittent 2-No explosive rise in cases. Ex. Cases occur over more than one incubation period. Outbreak of respiratory illness, the Legionnaire disease in 1976 in USA, was a common source, continuous or repeated exposure, no evidence of secondary cases	Single exposure or “point source” epidemics (B) Continuous or repeated exposure
Epidemic may start from a 1 __ and then continue as a 2 __ Water borne epidemic as example the epidemic reaches a sharp peak, tails (end) off gradually over longer time of period	1 common source 2 propagated epidemic