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level: Level 5

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 5

Question	Answer
a source of non systematic deviation of an observed treatment effect or other outcomes from a true one comes from chance variation in the sample of data collected n the study (example: sampling error) can be reduced but not eliminated unlike biased	Random Error
the extent to which outcome is free from random error usually inversely related to random error	precision
Ways to reduce random errors	1 Establishing Large Sample Sizes 2 Setting Significance Levels (Alpha Levels) 3 Confidence Intervals 4 Increasing Observations per Patient 5 Consider Treatment Effect Magnitude 6 Improving the precision of the measurement instrument
depicts the RANGE OF UNCERTAINTY about the estimates of a treatment effect; is usually calculated from the observed differences in the outcomes of the treatment and controlled groups and also the sample size of the study	confidence intervals
Instruments for Assessing Quality of Individual Studies	• Jadad Scale • Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCT • Criteria and ratings (USPSTF) • PICOS framework
(Instruments for Assessing Quality of Individual Studies) for assessing internal and external validity of RCTs and cohort studies and of diagnostic accuracy studies used by the US Preventive Services Task Force	Criteria and ratings (USPSTF)
(Instruments for Assessing Quality of Individual Studies) to organize characteristics that can affect the external validity of individual studies, which are used as criteria for evaluating study quality for internal validity	PICOS framework
best used to validate the internal validity but are not the best study design for answering all the evidence questions of the potential relevance of HTA	Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)