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level: Level 1 - part 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 - part 1

Question	Answer
A. Toxic Inhalants, Gases, and Dosimetry	1 Highly Soluble Gases 2 Relatively Insoluble Gases 3 Very Insoluble Gases
are Non-toxic gases because they cannot penetrate further than the nose. Usually these types of gases will dissolve in the nose area. Therefore, they cannot proceed in giving any damage or toxicity to the body give example	Highly Soluble Gases ex. - Sulfur dioxide (A. Toxic Inhalants, Gases, and Dosimetry)
are toxic gases since they can travel deep into the lungs and reach the smallest airways and also the alveoli give example	Relatively Insoluble Gases ex. - Ozone - Nitrate (A. Toxic Inhalants, Gases, and Dosimetry)
- are toxic gases because they can efficiently travel through the lungs and can be taken up by the pulmonary blood supply and then distributed all throughout the body	Very Insoluble Gases ex. - Carbon oxide - Hydrogen sulfide (A. Toxic Inhalants, Gases, and Dosimetry)
__ has a factor in determining how far gases can go deep into the respiratory system	particle size (B. Regional Particle deposition)
1 - Can be deposited in the upper conducting airways or upper nasopharyngeal region which will eventually increase the tracheobronchial airways and alveolar region. 2) - Gases of this size are deposited in the tracheobronchial region. 3 - Gases of this size can be transported to smaller airways, therefore they can be deposited in the alveolar region.	1) 1-10 micrometer particles 2) 0.001-0.1 micrometer 3) 0.003-5 micrometer (B. Regional Particle deposition)
NOTE: 1 pattern of __ can change the site of deposition, 2 This means that gases with specific particle sizes can still travel to different regions, especially during the inspiration or inhalation process of breathing.	. 1 breathing 2 deposition is NOT permanent. (B. Regional Particle deposition)
Other factors that can affect deposition:	1 Hygroscopic substances 2- Sodium chloride 3 - Sulfuric acid 4 - Glycerol (B. Regional Particle deposition)
have the tendency to absorb water, therefore they will result in the increase in size of particles in the warm and saturated atmosphere of the upper and the lower respiratory tract.	Hygroscopic substances (B. Regional Particle deposition)
C. Deposition Mechanism The movement of particles in 1 __ direction is usually done by air resistance and buoyancy, while 2 __movement of particles is done by gravity. These forces eventually balance as a particle travels through air, causing the particle to settle to a particular region.	. 1 upward 2 downward
C. Deposition Mechanism 1 - There is very abrupt directional change and increased air velocity in the __ area, 2 while less abrupt and decreased air velocity in the __, 3 while mild abrupt and totally no air velocity in the __	. 1 nasopharyngeal 2 trachea, and bronchial region 3 alveolar region.
occurs when the trajectory of a particle brings it near enough to a surface so that the particle contacts the airway surface. Usually particles with 1 MICROMETER IN DIAMETER and 200 MICROMETERS IN LENGTH will be DEPOSITED in the BRONCHIAL TREE is also the MAIN MECHANISM of deposition for SUB MICROMETER PARTICLES	Interception
occurs in the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT & LARGE PROXIMAL AIRWAYS where the airflow is faster than in small distal airways - Bronchioles Usually, the particle size is 2.5-10 MICROMETERS. Usually deposited in the NOSE OR THE OROPHARYNX and CANNOT PENETRATE the tissues DISTAL ON THE LARYNX.	Impaction
particles are deposited in the smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveolar spaces where the airways are small and the air velocity is low not an ideal route of deposition for particles with diameters of <0.5 micrometers. dependent on the time a particle is in a compartment. process can also be increased by breath holding.	Sedimentation
The Sedimentation & Diffusion process can also be increased by __	breath holding.
an important deposition mechanism in the nose, airways, and alveoli or particles with <0.5 micrometers and also nanometer particles (<0.1 micrometers). The same as Sedimentation, breath holding can also increase the deposition	Diffusion
attracts positively charged particles. Since the surface of the airways are negatively charged, therefore it will ATTRACT POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES. - Mineral dust particles - Laboratory generated aerosols - Evaporated aqueous droplets - that can have substantial electrostatic mobilities.	Electrostatic Attraction/Deposition