| The process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to random motion. | Diffusion |
| What is diffusion? | The movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration due to random motion. |
| The amount of a substance per unit volume. | Concentration |
| What do particles move from in diffusion? | Areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. |
| The unpredictable movement of particles in a substance. | Random Motion. |
| What causes particles to move in diffusion? | Random Motion. |
| A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape, taking the shape of its container. | Liquid |
| In which states of matter do particles spread out by diffusion? | Liquids and gases. |
| A substance used to impart color to food or drink. | Food Coloring |
| What happens when a drop of food coloring is added to water? | It gradually spreads out due to diffusion. |
| A change in concentration over a distance. | Gradient |
| What turns the water red when food coloring is added? | The diffusion of food coloring particles throughout the water. |
| The process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | Diffusion |
| How do substances move in and out of cells? | By diffusion through the cell membrane. |
| The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. | Cell Membrane |
| What part of the cell regulates diffusion into and out of the cell? | The cell membrane. |
| The process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released, occurring primarily in the lungs in humans. | Gas Exchange |
| Where does gas exchange occur in the body? | Primarily in the lungs. |
| A gas necessary for life, used by cells during cellular respiration to produce energy. | Oxygen. |
| What gas diffuses from the air in the lungs into the blood during gas exchange? | Oxygen. |
| A waste product of cellular respiration, produced by cells, and removed from the body by the respiratory system. | Carbon Dioxide. |
| What gas diffuses from the blood into the air in the lungs during gas exchange? | Carbon Dioxide. |
| The organ system responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment, including the lungs and airways. | Respiratory System |
| How is carbon dioxide removed from the body during gas exchange? | It diffuses from the blood into the air in the lungs and is then breathed out. |
| The process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | Diffusion |
| What is diffusion? | The movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration. |
| The speed at which particles move through a medium. | Rate of Diffusion |
| The difference in concentration between two areas. | Concentration Gradient |
| How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion? | Diffusion happens faster when the concentration gradient is higher. |
| A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. | Temperature |
| How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion? | Diffusion happens faster at higher temperatures because particles move around more with more energy. |
| The total area of the exposed surface of an object. | Surface Area |
| How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion across a membrane? | Diffusion happens faster with a larger surface area. |
| A thin, selective barrier that separates two compartments and allows certain substances to pass through. | Membrane |
| What type of objects experience faster diffusion with a larger surface area? | Objects with membranes. |
| The movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane. | Osmosis |
| What is osmosis? | The type of diffusion where water moves across a partially permeable membrane. |
| A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it while blocking others. | Partially Permeable Membrane |
| What type of membrane allows some substances to pass through but not others? | A partially permeable membrane. |
| The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. | Cell Membrane |
| What is an example of a partially permeable membrane? | A cell membrane. |
| The amount of water molecules present in a solution. | Water Concentration |
| In osmosis, which direction does water move in relation to water concentration? | From higher water concentration to lower water concentration. |
| A solution with a lower concentration of solute particles. | Dilute Solution |
| From where to where does water move in osmosis? | From a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. |
| A solution with a higher concentration of solute particles. | Concentrated Solution |
| What is the overall movement of water in osmosis? | From a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. |
| The movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. | Osmosis |
| What is osmosis? | The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration. |
| A biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. | Cell Membrane |
| Where does osmosis occur? | Across the cell membrane. |
| To increase in size or volume. | Swell |
| What can happen to cells due to osmosis? | They can swell or shrink. |
| To decrease in size or volume. | Shrink |
| What happens to cells if water moves out of them during osmosis? | They shrink. |
| The difference in mass before and after an event, expressed as a percentage of the original mass. | Percentage Change in Mass |
| How can you quantify the change in mass of cells due to osmosis? | By calculating the percentage change in mass. |
| The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution. | Concentration |
| What does the concentration of a solution determine in osmosis? | The direction and rate of water movement. |
| A laboratory experiment involving the immersion of fresh courgette discs in solutions of varying salt concentrations to observe changes in mass due to osmosis. | Courgette Cell Experiment |
| Cut and weigh discs of fresh courgette. | Courgette Cell Experiment Step 1 |
| Then put each disc into a different concentration of salty water. | Courgette Cell Experiment Step 2 |
| After a few hours, dry the discs and then weigh them. | Courgette Cell Experiment Step 3 |
| You can calculate the percentage change in mass for each disc. | Courgette Cell Experiment Step 4 |
| What does the concentration of the solution at the point where the line crosses the x-axis represent in the courgette cell experiment? | It represents the concentration of the cytoplasm in the cells. |
| The movement of substances across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, requiring energy expenditure. | Active Transport |
| What is active transport? | The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a cell membrane, requiring energy. |
| The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. | Concentration Gradient |
| What do substances move against in active transport? | The concentration gradient. |
| The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | Diffusion |
| What is the opposite of active transport? | Diffusion. |
| Eukaryotic cells that make up the structural components of plants. | Plant Cells |
| What type of cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions from weak soil solutions? | Plant cells, specifically root cells. |
| Eukaryotic cells that make up the structural components of animals. | Animal Cells. |
| What type of cells use active transport to absorb sugar from the gut if it contains low concentrations? | Animal Cells. |
| The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy. | Respiration. |
| What process provides the energy required for active transport? | Respiration. |
| The amount of energy used or consumed. | Energy Expenditure |
| What is required for active transport to occur? | Energy expenditure, typically provided by cellular respiration. |
