| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, typically between non-metal elements. | Covalent Bonds |
| How do covalent bonds form? | Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms. |
| Elements on the periodic table that typically lack metallic properties and form covalent bonds. | Non-metal Elements |
| What types of elements typically form covalent bonds? | Covalent bonding joins non-metal elements together. |
| Two electrons shared between two atoms in a covalent bond, contributing one electron from each atom. | Electron Pair |
| How are electrons shared in a covalent bond? | Electrons in covalent bonds are shared in pairs, with one electron from each atom forming the bond. |
| The measure of the force holding atoms together in a chemical bond. | Bond Strength |
| How strong are covalent bonds? | Covalent bonds are very strong. |
| The outermost electron shell of an atom, which determines its chemical properties and bonding behavior. | Outer Shell |
| In covalent bonds, which electrons do atoms typically share? | Atoms only share electrons in their outer shells. |
| A group of chemically stable elements with filled outer electron shells, such as helium, neon, and argon. | Noble Gas |
| What benefit do covalently bonded atoms gain from having a full outer shell? | Having a full outer shell gives covalently bonded atoms the stable electronic structure of a noble gas. |
| Diagrams used to represent the sharing of electrons between atoms in a covalent bond. | Dot and Cross Diagrams |
| What do dot and cross diagrams illustrate? | Dot and cross diagrams show how the electrons are shared in a covalent bond. |
| In dot and cross diagrams, the overlap of the atoms' outer electron shells represents the covalent bond. | Covalent Bond Representation |
| How are covalent bonds represented in dot and cross diagrams? | Covalent bonds in dot and cross diagrams are represented by an overlap of the atoms' outer shells, with the shared electron pair drawn in the overlap. |
| A compound consisting of one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom covalently bonded together. | Hydrogen Chloride Molecule |
| How is the covalent bond between hydrogen and chlorine represented in a dot and cross diagram? | In hydrogen chloride, chlorine shares a pair of electrons with 1 hydrogen atom to achieve a full outer shell. |
| The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom in a molecule, indicated by the number of overlaps in a dot and cross diagram. | Covalent Bond Count |
| How can the number of covalent bonds in a molecule be determined from a dot and cross diagram? | The dot and cross diagram of a molecule shows the number of overlaps, indicating the number of covalent bonds formed. |
| Dot and cross diagrams that omit the depiction of the atoms' outer shells, focusing solely on the shared electron pairs. | Simplified Diagrams |
| How are dot and cross diagrams sometimes simplified? | Sometimes dot and cross diagrams are drawn without showing the outer shell. |
| Particles formed when atoms join together by covalent bonding. | Molecules |
| What are the particles formed by covalent bonding called? | The particles formed when atoms join together by covalent bonding are called molecules. |
| The distance from the center of an atom's nucleus to the outer boundary of its electron cloud. | Atom Radius |
| What is the typical radius of an atom? | A typical atom has a very small radius of about 0.1 nm (1 × 10^-10 m). |
| Molecules composed of only a few atoms, resulting in similar sizes. | Small Molecules |
| What characteristic do small molecules typically share in terms of size? | Small molecules only contain a few atoms, so they have similar sizes. |
| A molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom covalently bonded together, with a diameter of about 0.3 nm (3 × 10^-10 m). | Water Molecule |
| What is the approximate diameter of a water molecule? | A water molecule has a diameter of about 0.3 nm (3 × 10^-10 m). |
| A diagram illustrating the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms, each contributing one electron to form a single bond. | Hydrogen Dot and Cross Diagram |
| How do hydrogen atoms typically achieve a full outer shell? | Hydrogen atoms typically form single covalent bonds with each other, sharing one pair of electrons to achieve a full outer shell. |
| A diagram illustrating the sharing of electrons in a double covalent bond between two oxygen atoms, each contributing two electrons to form two pairs of shared electrons. | Oxygen Dot and Cross Diagram |
| How do oxygen atoms typically achieve a full outer shell? | Oxygen atoms typically share two pairs of electrons with each other, forming a double covalent bond to achieve a full outer shell. |
| A diagram illustrating the sharing of electrons in four single covalent bonds between one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms in methane. | Methane Dot and Cross Diagram |
| How does carbon achieve a full outer shell in methane? | Carbon achieves a full outer shell in methane by forming four single covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. |
| A diagram illustrating the sharing of electrons in two single covalent bonds between one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms in water. | Water Dot and Cross Diagram |
| How does oxygen achieve a full outer shell in water? | Oxygen achieves a full outer shell in water by forming two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. |
| A diagram illustrating the sharing of electrons in a single covalent bond between one chlorine atom and one hydrogen atom in hydrogen chloride. | Hydrogen Chloride Dot and Cross Diagram |
| How does chlorine achieve a full outer shell in hydrogen chloride? | Chlorine achieves a full outer shell in hydrogen chloride by forming a single covalent bond with one hydrogen atom. |
| A diagram illustrating the sharing of electrons in two double covalent bonds between one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide. | Carbon Dioxide Dot and Cross Diagram |
| How does carbon achieve a full outer shell in carbon dioxide? | Carbon achieves a full outer shell in carbon dioxide by forming two double covalent bonds with two oxygen atoms. |
