| alkane symbol | here |
| ethane symbol | here |
| ethene symbol (alkene has double bonds) | here |
| ethanol, alcohol | here |
| monkeys, eat, peanut, butter | methane (4 h's), ethane (6 h's), propane (8 h's), butane (10 h's) |
| what things produce carbon dioxide during combustion | coal, natrual gas and petroleum (these are fossil fuels) |
| what is the main constituent of natrual gas | methane |
| what is petroleum made up of | mixture of hydrocarbons |
| how is petroleum seperated | using fractional distillation which can create usefull fractions |
| cracking of petroleum products, bottom to top | bitumen (for road sufraces), fuel oil (fuel for ships and power stations), diesel (fuel for cars, lorries and buses), kerosene (aircraft fuel), gasoline (fuel for cars), refinary gas (bottled gas) |
| what are the properties of the molecules at the top of the cracking of petroleum | low boiling point, very volatile, flows easily, ignites easily |
| what are the properties of the molecules at the bottom of the cracking of petroleum | high boiling point, not very volatile, does not flow easily, does not ignite easily |
| compounds in homogolous series have.... part 1 | same chemical reactions, same functional group (c=c for alkenes, -OH for alcohols) |
| compounds in homogolous series have.... part 2 | same general formula, similar phyiscal properties |
| what are alkanes | saturated hyrdrocarbons (single covalent bonds) |
| properites of alkanes | typically unreactive, except when burning |
| what is the general formula for alkanes | CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ is the general formula for alkanes |
| what does the complete combustion of hyrocarbons give off | carbon dioxide and water |
| what are alkenes | un saturateed hydrocarbons (contain one double covalent bond, double bonds between the carbons) |
| what is cracking | reaction (alkanes to alkenes) |
| needed factors for cracking | 550 degress c |
| needed factors for craking | catalyst of aluminium oxide and silicon oxide |
| what does cracking large alkanes produces | a smaller alkane and alkene and hydrogen |
| test for saturated hydrocarbons | identified by their reaction with aqueous bromine (bromine water). If saturated, then it will turn from orange/brown to colourless |
| are alkenes more reactive? | yes because they are unsaturated so they form polymers |
| what is hydrogenation | With a catalyst, alkenes can react with hydrogen and heat to make alkanes |
| what is hydration | With a catalyst, alkenes can react with steam(water) and around 300°C to make alcohols. |
| how can ethanol or alcohol be produced | by fermentation and/or by reaction between ethene and steam |
| describe fermentation | This requires glucose, temperatures of around 30°C, anaerobic conditions and uses the enzymes in yeast. Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide |
| what does the complete combustion of alcohols produce | carbon dioxide |
| what are polymers | long chain of monomers formed from smaller units (Monomers) |
| example of addition polymerisation of monomer units | here |
