| The process by which the sex of offspring is determined and inherited from parent organisms. | Sex Inheritance |
| A graphical tool used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. | Punnett Square |
| How can you determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring? | You can use a Punnett square to work out possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. |
| An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype, even if only one copy is present in the genotype. | Dominant Allele |
| In rabbits, what allele for fur color is dominant? | In rabbits, the allele for brown fur (B) is dominant. |
| An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present in the genotype. | Recessive Allele |
| What allele for fur color in rabbits is recessive? | In rabbits, the allele for black fur (b) is recessive. |
| The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, determined by its genotype and environmental factors. | Phenotype |
| How can you determine the probability of offspring having each phenotype? | You can use a Punnett square to show all the possible combinations of alleles that offspring can inherit, which helps determine the probability of each phenotype. |
| The genetic makeup of an organism, typically represented by the combination of alleles for a particular trait. | Genotype |
| What does a Punnett square show? | A Punnett square shows all the possible combinations of alleles that offspring can inherit from two parents. |
| A genotype in which both alleles are dominant for a particular trait. | Genotype BB |
| What genotype would result in offspring with brown fur in rabbits? | Offspring will have brown fur if they inherit the genotype Bb or BB. |
| A genotype in which both alleles are recessive for a particular trait. | Genotype bb |
| What genotype would result in offspring with black fur in rabbits? | Offspring will have black fur if they inherit the genotype bb. |
| The likelihood that offspring will inherit a specific genotype or phenotype based on the genotypes of the parents. | Inheritance Probability |
| What is the possible range of genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring of two rabbits, one with the genotype Bb and the other with the genotype bb? | The offspring could have either the Bb or bb genotype, resulting in either brown or black fur phenotypes. |
| The breeding of two individuals to study or predict the inheritance of specific traits in their offspring. | Genetic Cross |
| Is it possible for one of the offspring of two rabbits with genotypes Bb and bb to have the genotype BB? | No, it's not possible for one of their offspring to have the BB genotype. |
| A graphical tool used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. | Punnett Square |
| What can Punnett Squares show besides possible genotypes and phenotypes? | Punnett Squares can also show you the probability of inheriting a trait. |
| The likelihood or chance that a particular event will occur, often expressed as a percentage or fraction. | Probability |
| How is the probability of inheriting a trait represented in a Punnett Square? | Each square represents a 25% probability of inheritance. |
| A genotype in which one dominant allele (B) and one recessive allele (b) are present. | Genotype Bb |
| What is the probability of an offspring having the genotype Bb if both parent rabbits have the genotype Bb? | Two of the squares in the Punnett square show genotype Bb (for brown fur), meaning an offspring has a 50% chance of having brown fur. |
| A genotype in which both alleles are recessive for a particular trait. | Genotype bb |
| What is the probability of an offspring having the genotype bb if both parent rabbits have the genotype Bb? | Two of the squares in the Punnett square have genotype bb (for black fur), meaning there's also a 50% chance that the offspring will have black fur. |
| A characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes and influenced by environmental factors. | Trait |
| What can Punnett squares only be used for? | Punnett squares can only be used when a characteristic is determined by a single gene. |
| A trait influenced by multiple genes as well as environmental factors. | Multifactorial Trait |
| Why can't Punnett squares be used for most characteristics? | Most characteristics are actually a result of multiple genes interacting, rather than a single gene. |
| Charts that show the relationships and phenotypes of family members across generations, used to analyze the inheritance of traits. | Family Pedigrees |
| How can we analyze the inheritance of dominant traits? | We can analyze family pedigrees to see how dominant traits have been inherited. |
| An inherited condition characterized by having extra fingers or toes, caused by a dominant allele. | Polydactyly |
| What is polydactyly caused by? | Polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele. |
| How can we determine if someone is homozygous for non-polydactyly in a family pedigree? | Everyone who isn't shaded in must be homozygous for non-polydactyly because if they had even one polydactyly allele, they'd have the disorder. |
| Having two different alleles for a particular gene. | Heterozygous |
| What is the genotype of Harry based on the family pedigree? | Harry is heterozygous because his mother doesn't have a polydactyly allele. |
| Can Barnabas have polydactyly according to the family pedigree? | No, Barnabas can't have polydactyly because neither of his parents has the allele. |
| One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. | Allele |
| What can't be determined about Clara from the family pedigree? | We can't be sure about Clara's genotype from this family tree - she could've inherited the polydactyly allele or the non-polydactyly allele from Harry. |
| An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype if an individual is homozygous for that allele. | Recessive Allele |
| What is cystic fibrosis caused by? | Cystic fibrosis, a disorder in which a person's body produces lots of thick mucus in their airways and pancreas, is caused by a recessive allele. |
| An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele for a genetic trait but does not exhibit the trait themselves. | Carrier |
| What do Steph, Anna, and Oliver represent in the family pedigree? | Steph, Anna, and Oliver are carriers of cystic fibrosis, indicated by their half-filled shapes in the family tree. |
| A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross between two parents. | Punnett Square |
| How can we predict the chance of Simon having cystic fibrosis? | By using a Punnett square, we can determine that Simon has a 25% chance of having cystic fibrosis. |
| The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles present. | Genotype |
| What do half-filled shapes in the family pedigree indicate? | Half-filled shapes indicate carriers of a recessive allele who do not exhibit the associated trait. |
| What is the probability of Simon being a carrier for cystic fibrosis? | There is a 50% chance that Simon would be a carrier for cystic fibrosis, indicated by the genotype Cc. |
| Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism and are responsible for the development of sexual characteristics. | Sex Chromosomes |
| In humans, how many pairs of chromosomes determine sex? | In humans, 1 pair of chromosomes determines sex. |
| How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? | Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46 chromosomes altogether. |
| A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell. | Gamete |
| How are chromosomes inherited from parents? | Each chromosome pair consists of one chromosome from the mother's gamete and one chromosome from the father's gamete. |
| The process by which an organism's sex is established, often by the presence of specific sex chromosomes. | Sex Determination |
| What do sex chromosomes determine in humans? | Sex chromosomes determine whether an individual will be male or female. |
| One of the two types of sex chromosomes in humans, typically found in females and responsible for various traits and characteristics. | X Chromosome |
| What is the role of the X chromosome in human sex determination? | Humans always inherit an X chromosome from their mother's gamete, contributing to the determination of their sex. |
| One of the two types of sex chromosomes in humans, typically found in males and responsible for various traits and characteristics, including male sex determination. | Y Chromosome |
| How does a person become male in terms of sex chromosomes? | A person becomes male (XY) if they inherit an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. |
| An individual with two X chromosomes (XX) and typically characterized by female reproductive anatomy and secondary sexual characteristics. | Female |
| What determines the sex of an individual with two X chromosomes? | An individual with two X chromosomes (XX) is typically female. |
| An individual with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY), typically characterized by male reproductive anatomy and secondary sexual characteristics. | Male |
| How does a person become male in terms of sex chromosomes? | A person becomes male (XY) if they inherit an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. |
| A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross involving two individuals. | Punnett Square |
| What methods can be used to show sex inheritance in humans? | Sex inheritance in humans can be shown using a Punnett square or a genetic cross diagram. |
| A diagram illustrating the possible combinations of alleles or traits resulting from a genetic cross between two individuals. | Genetic Cross Diagram |
| What does a genetic cross diagram illustrate? | A genetic cross diagram illustrates the possible combinations of alleles or traits resulting from a genetic cross between two individuals. |
| How many possible combinations of sex chromosomes are there in humans from two parents? | From two parents, there are four possible combinations of sex chromosomes in humans: XX, XX, XY, or XY. |
| An individual with two X chromosomes (XX), typically characterized by female reproductive anatomy and secondary sexual characteristics. | Female |
| What are the possible outcomes of sex inheritance for producing a female offspring? | Two of the possible combinations of sex chromosomes (XX, XX) lead to a female offspring. |
| An individual with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY), typically characterized by male reproductive anatomy and secondary sexual characteristics. | Male |
| What are the possible outcomes of sex inheritance for producing a male offspring? | Two of the possible combinations of sex chromosomes (XY, XY) lead to a male offspring. |
| The likelihood or chance of a specific outcome occurring, often expressed as a fraction, percentage, or ratio. | Probability |
| How can the chance of producing a female compared to a male offspring be expressed? | The chance of producing a female compared to a male offspring can be expressed as a ratio, such as 1:1 (one to one). |
