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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
A _______ lens is composed of prism base out component.	Minus
A ______ lens is composed of prism base in component.	Plus
T or F: A minus lens stimulates divergence and relaxation, while a plus lens stimulates convergence and accommodation.	false
Lateral phoria tests are also called as ________.	Von Graefe Techniques
“The reserve should be twice as the demand”.	Sheard’s Criterion
What is the prism used in VT#16a and b?	Prism Base Out
What is the prism used in VT#17a and b?	Prism Base In
T or F: If the patient can sustain the demand because of a high fusional reserve, the patient has a compensated phoria.	true
T or F: In the horopter, fovea has a bigger area on the horizontal	true
Lenses and prisms are called as __________.	Probe Bodies
T or F: VT#19 is also known as the Near Point of Accommodation	false
It is the maximum amount of accommodation the patient can exert when looking at near.	Amplitude of Accommodation
T or F: The three synkinetic actions are Convergence, Constipation and Accommodation	false
T or F: In presbyopic patients, the Add is wanting to help the patient to see clearly at near, adding to the existing accommodation	true
T or F: VT#19, 20 and 21 are accommodation tests.	true
T or F: In VT#19, plus is added to blur to patients that are non-presbyopic.	false
T or F: In VT#20, we use minus lens to stimulate the accommodation	true
T or F: In demonstrating VT#21, the target is Jaeger’s card and is binocularly done.	false
It is the most commonly recognized binocular dysfunction	Convergence Insufficiency
T or F: Convergence insufficiency may experience doubling vision at near, words moving around the page or words swimming	true
T or F: Convergence insufficiency has a low AC/A ratio with increased Exo at near	true
T or F: In Basic Exophoria, it shows large exophoria, equal in deviation at distance and near.	true
It refers in which the tonic position is exophoric at far and the AC/A is normal. The far and near exo deviations are approximately equal in magnitude.	Basic Exophoria
It is indicated when a significantly large exo deviation at far is combined with a high AC/A ratio.	Divergence Excess
T or F: Divergence Insufficiency is the least prevalent of eso cases.	true
In Divergence Insufficiency, there is a significant esophoria (high tonic convergence) at far combined with _____ AC/A	Low
It is characterized by a significant eso deviation at far and a moderate AC/A so that far and near angles of deviation are approximately equal.	Basic Esophoria
T or F: In Convergence Excess, it can be alleviated by use of minus lenses for reading or vision therapy	false
It is the common binocular dysfunction that can cause significant visual symptoms.	Convergence Excess
T or F: Convergence Excess is the case that typically is present with little to no esophoria at far.	true
It is an often overlooked binocular vision disorder characterized by abnormal binocular findings that do not fit into a specific pattern, or by mismatch between the patient’s symptoms.	Fusional Vergence Dysfunction
It is a common type of visual skills deficit found in kids with learning difficulties. It may be become more apparent in children between the ages of 5 and 13 years because of increased reading demands and symptoms noted during the act of reading.	Functional Ocular Motor Dysfunction
T or F: A Functional Ocular Motor Disorder typically affects pursuits, saccades, and fixation and gradual in onset.	true
This exhibits exo is greater at near and has a Low AC/A ratio	Convergence Insufficiency
T or F: Basic Esophoria exhibits exo equal at distance and near and has Normal AC/A ratio, while Basic Exophoria exhibits eso equal at distance and near and has Normal AC/A ratio	false
This exhibits eso greater at near and has a High AC/A ratio.	Convergence Excess
This exhibits exo greater at distance and has a High AC/A ratio	Divergence Excess
This exhibits eso greater at distance and has a Low AC/A ratio	Divergence Insufficiency
The prism that is used for treatment in Divergence Insufficiency is prism ________	Base Out
T or F: Individuals who have FOMD usually experiences frequent and repeated readings of lines, excessive head movements when reading and skipping words or sentence.	true
T or F: Individuals with FVD have blurred vision at a distance or near, they usually feel discomfort with near tasks and these symptoms increase over time or later in the day.	true
It is a diagnostic instrument that has beads and checks for simultaneous perception, fusion and stereopsis	Brock's String
T or F: A normal interpretation if a patient is looking at the middle bead, it would appear like this "X"	true
T or F: A normal interpretation if a patient is looking at the last bead, it would appear like this "/\"	false
T or F: A normal interpretation if a patient is looking at the first bead, it would appear like this "\/"	false
T or F: In demonstrating the stereofly test, it is a must to wear their Old Rx for doing the said test.	false
T or F: In Stereofly Test, the lower the amount in seconds, the lower the stereopsis/more detailed the depth perception is.	true
It is like a Stereofly Test, but is meant to be used for testing the children. Shapes and animals are used.	Randot Stereo Test
This is a tool that is used for testing accommodative facility. It is to test the shifting of focus in distances.	Flipper
T or F: Test target for Flipper is best line on reduced Snellen chart.	false
T or F: Normal cycles in Flipper Test is 10-15 cycles per minute.	true
It is a test to find out if there is fusion and binocular vision, or if there is suppression or diplopia in the patient.	Worth-4 Dot Test
T or F: The Worth 4-Dot Test is done at far and near.	true
T or F: In Worth 4-Dot test, if the patient sees only two and there are two red targets, that means the patient's OD is suppressed because they only saw red.	false
T or F: In Worth 4-Dot test, if the patient sees only two and there are two green targets, that means the patient's OD is suppressed because they only saw green.	true
T or F: In Worth 4-Dot Test, the Red lens is placed on OD, and green lens on OS	true
This method is used for measuring the deviation or to estimate by the help of a penlight	Krimsky
In Krimsky, London method is performed by placing the prism on the _________	Bad Eye
In Krimsky, USA method is performed by placing the prism on the _________	Good Eye
T or F: The term strabismus is used to describe any deviations whether Heterophoria for Manifest Strabismus or Heterotropia for Latent Strabismus	false
It is to describe an eye deviation that is the same in all positions of gaze or when it is the same when one or the other eyes fixates.	Comitant or Concomitant Strabismus
It is to describe an eye deviation that is not the same in all positions of gaze.	Non Comitant or Incomitant Strabismus
T or F: Comitant Strab can be easily managed with vision therapy	true
It is a condition in which one or other visual axis is not directed towards the fixation point.	Heterotropia
Acquired Strabimsus usually occured onset from being _____ months after birth	6 to 12
Congenital Strab occurs at birth or less than ____ months or one year.	6
T or F: A Congenital Eso have no awareness of diplopia, and has a normal or low AC/A	true
T or F: Acquired Eso have unilateral deviation and has presence of correspondence.	true
T or F: A tropia at intermittent can be eventually turn to a constant tropia within a period of time	true
T or F: Esotropia is more common than Exotropia	true
It is a condition where the eye turns inward or towards nasal	Esotropia
It is also referred to as congenital esotropia and a common form. It is onset typically during the first 6 months of life and is idiopathic.	Infantile Esotropia
T or F: Esotropia are always intermittent	false
It is characterized by hyperdeviation when the eye is adducted.	Overactive Inferior Oblique
Double hyperdeviation is observed during cover test where both eyes move downward and our or upon removal of occlusion	Dissociated Vertical Deviation
This deviation is present under all conditions and increases when accommodation is exerted. It exhibits a larger Esotropia at near than at distance and has a High AC/A ratio. This usually results from uncorrected hypermetropia.	Accommodative Esotropia
A type of accommodative esotropia where abnormal amounts of hyperopia are the cause factor.	Refractive Accommodative Esotropia
A Refractive Accommodative ET can be eliminated with the use of _________ lenses.	Plus
A type of Accommodative ET where an abnormally high AC/A ratio is the cause factor and hyperopic refractive error may be present.	Non-Refractive Accommodative Esotropia
The use of _____ lens is required to reduce esotropia at near in Non-Refractive Accommodative Esotropia	Add
T or F: Eye rubbing or eye closure are some examples of symptoms of Accommodative ET	true
This classification of Heterotropia has something to do with the muscle, like from phoria to tropia.	Primary
A classification of Heterotropia that is due to a cause.	Secondary
A condition in which one eye deviates outward	Exotropia
T or F: A Constant Exotropia starts with intermittent then become constant in time.	true
T or F: A patient closes one eye in photophobia is a symptom of Constant Exotropia	true
A type of Constant Exotropia that is present at birth, has a large angle, with alternating fixation.	Congenital/Infantile Exotropia
A type of Constant Exotropia that disrupts the binocular reflexes by acquired lesions, such as cataract.	Sensory Exotropia
A type of Constant Exotropiua that follows previous surgery for Esotropia.	Consecutive Exotropia
T or F: In Pseudoexotropia, the individual has a short interpupillary distance	false
In Burian's Classification, Basic Exotropia is __________.	D = N (within 10pd)
In Burian's Classification, Divergence Excess is __________.	D > N by 10pd
In Burian's Classification, Convergence Insufficiency is _________.	N > D by 10pd
It is a test used to differentiate if a misalignment is either a tropia or a phoria by the use of an occluder.	Cover-Uncover Test
T or F: In Cover-uncover test, the examiner quickly removes the occluder to restore binocular vision. The eye that was not occluded is observed for refixation movement.	false
Cover-uncover test: The covered eye moves nasally.	Exophoria
Cover-uncover test: The covered eye moves superiorly	Hypophoria
Cover-uncover test: The covered eye moves temporally	Esophoria
Cover-uncover test: The covered eye moves inferiorly	Hyperphoria
The ________ is used to determine if a heterotropia (manifest strabismus) is present with the use of an occluder.	Cover Test
T or F: In Cover Test, if there is a shift in fixation in the contralateral eye, while covering the other eye, the patient is orthoptic.	false
T or F: In Cover Test, the non-occluded eye is the one being observed for a shift in fixation.	true
It is the process by means of which the optical system of the eye varies its focal length in response to visual stimuli. This process is mediated by the ciliary muscle and involves an increase in the vergence of light brought about by the crystalline lens.	Accommodation
T or F: Accommodative Response can be measured clinically by use of Dynamic Retinoscopy and Binocular X-Cyl test.	true
It is the maximum dioptric increase that the accommodative system can provide the eye.	Amplitude of Accommodation
The RAF in RAF Rule stands for	Royal Air Force
T or F: The RAF rule consists of a 50cm long rule with a slider holding a rotating four-sided cube.	true
This instrument is used for determining the objective and subjective convergence points, examining the accommodation and determining the master eye.	RAF Rule
T or F: Hofstetter's Formula should not be applied in children younger than the age of 8.	true
It is an Accommodative Dysfunction Subtypes that has insufficient amplitude of accommodation relative to age-based expectations.	Accommodative Insufficiency
It is an Accommodative Dysfunction Subtypes that has normal amplitude of accommodation that deteriorates over time.	Ill-sustained Accommodation
It is an Accommodative Dysfunction Subtypes that has accommodative system inappropriately over-accommodates for a stimulus.	Accommodative Excess or Spasm
It is an Accommodative Dysfunction Subtypes that has difficulty focusing/blurred vision at distance after prolonged near viewing or vice versa.	Accommodative Infacility
T or F: The normal AC/A ratio is said to be 4:1 to 6:1	true
A condition that is considered to be a loss of visual acuity that cannot be improved by corrective lenses, which develops in young infants and very young children.	Amblyopia
A classification of Amblyopia that occurs when the components of the visual pathway fail to develop either because of structural defects or the functioning of the normal visual pathway becomes impaired because of metabolic or toxic disturbances.	Organic Amblyopia
A classification of Amblyopia that is well recognized cause of visual acuity reduction. The visual loss that occurs is of emotional or psychologic origin.	Psychogenic Amblyopia
A classification of Amblyopia that exhibits normal visual pathway but fails to develop or operate normally because of an abnormality in its stimulus or use.	Functional Amblyopia
A classification of Amblyopia that is a consequence of a constant and unilateral strabismus that is acquired during period of visual immaturity, usually peak at age 9 months and 2 years, or before the 4th birthday.	Strabismic Amblyopia
A classification of Amblyopia that has a significant difference in refractive errors between the two eyes.	Anisometropic Amblyopia
A classification of Amblyopia that is caused by a high but approximately equal bilateral uncorrected refractive error that creates an equally blurred image on each retina. It occurs less frequently in either strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia.	Isoametropic Ambylopia
A classification of Amblyopia that is also known as Stimulus Deprivation Amblyopia that is secondary to the occurrence of a constant physical obstruction along the line of sight that prevent the formation of a well focused high contrast image on the retina.	Deprivation Amblyopia
It is a category of Visual Therapy that is referred to as instrument training, includes all techniques in which the patients is required to look directly into an instruments.	First Category
It is a category of Visual Therapy that is also known as Free Space Training that involves techniques in which the patient is in a less restricted environment, more movement is possible and it is easier to observe the patient's eyes.	Second Category
Categorize the said instruments: Anaglyphs, Polaroid Filters, Lenses and Prism, Septums and Apertures	Second Category