| process tracing (L7) | Examining the historical development and evolution of policies over time.
It aims to understand how policies have been formulated, implemented, and changed in response to various factors and influences. By tracing policies, researchers can identify the underlying motivations, actors involved, decision-making processes, and the impact of policies on society. This approach helps in analyzing the effectiveness of policies, identifying patterns of policy change, and understanding the context in which policies are developed. |
| process tracing (L7) | Examining the historical development and evolution of policies over time.
It aims to understand how policies have been formulated, implemented, and changed in response to various factors and influences. By tracing policies, researchers can identify the underlying motivations, actors involved, decision-making processes, and the impact of policies on society. This approach helps in analyzing the effectiveness of policies, identifying patterns of policy change, and understanding the context in which policies are developed. |
| process tracing (L7) | Examining the historical development and evolution of policies over time.
It aims to understand how policies have been formulated, implemented, and changed in response to various factors and influences. By tracing policies, researchers can identify the underlying motivations, actors involved, decision-making processes, and the impact of policies on society. This approach helps in analyzing the effectiveness of policies, identifying patterns of policy change, and understanding the context in which policies are developed. |
| process tracing (L7) | Examining the historical development and evolution of policies over time.
It aims to understand how policies have been formulated, implemented, and changed in response to various factors and influences. By tracing policies, researchers can identify the underlying motivations, actors involved, decision-making processes, and the impact of policies on society. This approach helps in analyzing the effectiveness of policies, identifying patterns of policy change, and understanding the context in which policies are developed. |
| process tracing (L7) | Examining the historical development and evolution of policies over time.
It aims to understand how policies have been formulated, implemented, and changed in response to various factors and influences. By tracing policies, researchers can identify the underlying motivations, actors involved, decision-making processes, and the impact of policies on society. This approach helps in analyzing the effectiveness of policies, identifying patterns of policy change, and understanding the context in which policies are developed. |
| "Allowing sites to speak to each other" (by who) | Brill/ Robinson |
| Varieties of comparative analysis (by who) | Pickvance 2001 |
| What are 4 varieties of comparative analysis? | 1. Individualising - (small number of cases in order to grasp the peculiarities of each case)
2. Universalising - (to establish that every instance of a phenomenon follows essentially the same rule)
3. Variation Finding - (to establish systematic differences between instances in intensity / characteristics)
4. Encompassing - (places different instances at various locations within the same system, on the way to explaining their characteristics as a function of their varying relationships to the system as a whole’) |
| Individualising Comparison (pickvance 2001) | 1. Individualising - (small number of cases in order to grasp the peculiarities of each case |
| Universalising comparison (pickvance 2001) | 2. Universalising - (to establish that every instance of a phenomenon follows essentially the same rule) |
| Variation finding comparison (pickvance 2001) | 3. Variation Finding - (to establish systematic differences between instances in intensity / characteristics) |
| Encompassing comparison (pickvance 2001) | 4. Encompassing - (places different instances at various locations within the same system, on the way to explaining their characteristics as a function of their varying relationships to the system as a whole’)
seek to understand how a common causal factor influences the outcomes or patterns seen in diverse situations. |
| governance actors (types) | Institutions,
Investors,
developers,
policymakers,
rulers in the past,
elected officials,
political parties,
bureaucrats/civil servants,
pressure groups,
policy entrepreneurs and experts, transnational corporations,
think tanks,
supra-national governmental
nongovernmental institutions and consultant |
| Limitations of comparative research | Bias
western centrism
context specificity
limited comparability
data availability
Generalisability
etc |
| Degrees of policy transfer (by who) | Dolowitz, D.P. & Marsh, D (2000). |
| what is a property market? | a structure that enables the exchange of goods and services, in this case property/ a place where land and real estate are exchanged |
| analysis of similarities and shared differences (by who) | Brill 2020 |
| Tracing for comparisons (by who) | Brill 2020 |
| Policy transfer and failure:
uninformed transfer | borrowing party has insufficient information on borrowed policy and how it works in the place where it is from |
| Policy transfer and failure:
Incomplete transfer | transfer has occurred, but crucial parts of that made policy or institutional structure a succes has not been transferred--> failure |
| Policy transfer and failure:
Inappropriate transfer | policy or structure is transferred and implemented but does not fit/work in new context. too little attention paid to differences between contexts of lender and borrower. |
| Ecology of cities (what view) | Ecocentric view |
| Ecology in cities (what view) | Anthropologic view |
| Nilsson, K. L. & Florgard, C. (2009). Ecological scientific knowledge in urban and land-use planning
(ecological or anthropological view on cities?) | Anthropological view, 7 modes of planning, roles of actors and stakeholder in planning process |
| McDonnell, M. J. & Hahs, A. K. (2009). Comparative ecology of cities and towns: past, present and future
(ecological or anthropological view on cities?) | Ecological view, Urban ecology,
describes Ecological characteristics of cities and towns and how they exhibit both similarities and differences |
| Urban Ecology/ ecology of cities | Study of interactions between organisms and their environment in urban areas
Consists of:
-Biodiversity
-Ecosystem functioning
-Human env. Relations
-Sustainabiliy
-Urban planning and design |
| Ecology in cities | what (plants , buildings, urban make up, etc) is present where and how does it involve urban processes and how this relates to stakeholders and actors |
| what is are institutions ? | Institutions are 'stable, valued, recurring patterns of behaviour
as structures/ mechanics,s of social order, they govern the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community |
| Formal rules | come from formal organisations |
| Informal norms | Come from communities |
| Traditions are | are expected behaviour |
| What is an IAD framework | Institutional Analysis and Development Framework |
| common issues (reasons for comparative urbanism) | -Fragmentation
-Rapid growth
-informailty
-poor performance of public institutions |
| addes values of comparison | -relational view
-identification of possible focusses
-support for further research
-looking for spatial patterns |
| outcomes/results (reasons for comparative urbanism) | -operationalisation
-feasibility
-saving time on the exploration phase
solid justification |
| what is an SOI? | Self Organised Initiative |
| Key findings
- financial imperatives, sharpened by 2008 crisis , have resulted in changes to English and Dutch Land policies | Remøy, H. & Street, E. (2018). The dynamics of “post-crisis” spatial planning: A comparative study of office conversion policies in England and The Netherlands. Land Use Policy, 77, 811-820.
"Universalising comparative analysis" |
| according to Nochta, T. and C. Skelcher (2020), the existing energy networks in Birmingham, Budapest, and Frankfurt differ in terms of (...)? | the existing networks in Birmingham, Budapest, and Frankfurt differ in terms of extent, integration, and distribution of authority |
| (1) employs an exploratory and flexible approach to comparison, allowing findings in one city to guide her research in the other to identify differences and commonalities. (2) adopts a more structured framework that incorporates comparative analysis from the outset, following a predetermined scheme with specific starting and end points. | 1 = Brill 2020
2 = Pickvance 2001 |
| Utilises a structured framework that incorporates comparative analysis from the outset, following a predetermined scheme with specific starting and end points. | Pickvance 2001 approach to comparison |
| utilises an exploratory and flexible approach to comparison , allowing findings in one city to guide research un the other city, to identify differences and commonalities | Brill 2020 approach to comparison |
| Housing determines what? | where people live, work and are able to go |
| Plusses of home ownership: | Wealth building ›
Affordability›
Security of tenure›
Housing conditions›
Neighborhood quality (USA mostly) |
| negative sides of renting: | -less affordable
-less housing security
-rental housing is often poorly maintained
-renters have more housing and neighbourhood problems |
| How to adress these changing inequalities according to Dewilde and De Decker 2016 : | -Policy interventions aimed at mitigating the negative impact of financialisation on housing inequalities
-Monitoring and Evaluation of housing policies
-Promoting Affordable Housing |
| Tasan-Kok, T., Legarza, A. & Özogul, S. (2022).Governing regional affordability: rethinking the production of affordable spaces across the Metropolitan Region Amsterdam (MRA). | Discussion on the governance of regional affordability in the Metropolitan Region Amsterdam. It emphasizes the importance of rethinking the production of affordable spaces in the area. |
| two main ways to make comparisons (mills1843) | method of agreement
method of difference |
| Dimensions for comparison (L8) | -Numerical
-Temporal
-Categorial
-Geographical |
| what are the degrees of transfer? | copying
emulation
combination
inspiration |
| process tracing (L7) | Examining the historical development and evolution of policies over time.
It aims to understand how policies have been formulated, implemented, and changed in response to various factors and influences. By tracing policies, researchers can identify the underlying motivations, actors involved, decision-making processes, and the impact of policies on society. This approach helps in analyzing the effectiveness of policies, identifying patterns of policy change, and understanding the context in which policies are developed. |
