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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is the definition of health (1)The complete state of physical, emotional, and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease or infirmity
What is the definition of fitness (1)The ability to meet the demands of the environment and have reserves incase of an emergency
how are trained individuals different from untrained individuals(4)increased cardiac output Increased stroke volume Increased muscular and cardiac hypertrophy lower resting heart rate higher aerobic capacity (more oxygen delivered to muscles) more tidal volume (more oxygen per breath) higher bone density
define stroke volume (1)the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per pump
define venous return(1)The volume of blood returning to the heart during diastole
define the terms used for the heart relaxing and contracting (2)Relax= diastole Contract= systole
State the formula of Ejection fraction(1)Formula = Stroke volume/end diastolic volume
define ejection fraction (1)Definition= % of blood in ventricles pumped out per stroke
What are the average ejection fractions at rest and during exercise (1)Rest=60% Exercise= up to 85% (or increase from 60% is fine)
Describe the transport of a red blood cell and its oxygenation status in the cardiac cycle (4)Vena cava (no)-->Right atrium(no)-->right ventricle(no)-->pulmonary artery(no)-->lungs(gets it here)-->pulmonary vein (yes)--> left atrium(yes)--> left ventricle(yes)--> aorta(yes)-->body(yes)
define myogenic in terms of the Sino Atrial Node (1)The Sino Atrial Node produces it's own electrical impulse
What are the two types of Cholesterol and what is the bad oneLDL and HDL, L dl is the bad one because it carries fatty acids to the heart whereas HDL carries fatty acids to the liver to be destroyed.
Where is the Cardiac control center locatedMedulla oblongata
ChemoreceptorsDetect chemical changes in blood, such as Carbon dioxide and oxygen, located in carotid arteries and aortic arch
Baroreceptorsdetects changes in blood pressure. found in arterial wall and changes are detected with nerve endings
ProprioceptorsDetects movement and body position. Found in sensory nerve endings in muscles, joints and tendons.
why does the heart rate stay elevated after stopping excersiseTo get rid of the excess lactic acid through oxidation
Parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic= Relaxes body (calming) Sympathetic= Hypes up Body (arousal)
during submaximal excersise, how much will the HR increaseHR will increase to meet the oxygen demand
during maximal excersise, how does the HR increaseproportional increase until max HR (220-age) is reached
what is the hormone associated with the parasympathetic nervous systemacetocholine
venous returnreturn of blood to the right side of the heart via vena cava
Starlings lawThe more blood returns to the heart, the more blood we can get out of the heart
at rest, how much blood is in the veins70% of blood is in the veins at rest, meaning 70% of blood doesn't have oxygen at rest
How does the body assist the veins in returning blood to the heart during exerciseSkeletal muscle pump- contracting muscles press on veins Respiratory pump- Pressure changes during breathing press on veins Pocket valves- Stops back flow of blood Thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins gravity, on the veins at the top part of the body only suction pump of heart, diastole
venous return equation(venous pressure-right arterial pressure) / venous vascular resistance
venous bloodblood in veins
arterial bloodblood in veins
why does training increase AVO2 differencemore oxygen can be extracted from blood
role of oxygen in musclesaerobic respiration/production of ATP Removal or CO2 and lactic acid
plasmafluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them
hemoglobintransports oxygen around the body
myoglobinmuscle hemoglobin, higher affinity for oxygen. acts as a store of oxygen for quick aerobic use
mitochondriasite of aerobic respiration
oxygen dissociationoxygen diffuses from hemoglobin to muscles
How many oxygens can hemoglobin hold4
How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin
Short term effects of exercise on heartHigher heart rate Increases stroke volume Vascular shunting Cardiovascular drift Increase cardiac output Increased AVO2 difference
Long term effects of exercise on heartCardiac hypertrophy Lower resting heart rate (<60=bradycardia) Increased maximum cardiac output Increased ejection fraction Increased capillarization of heart