| True or False: 90% of earthquakes happen at plate boundaries and 10% happen in cratons. | True |
| Are earthquakes than happen at divergent boundaries low or high magnitude? | Low |
| What is the typical magnitude of earthquakes that happen at mid-ocean ridges? | 6.2 - 6.3 |
| What is the typical magnitude of earthquakes that happen at Intracontinentual Rifts? | 7.5 - 8 |
| True or False: At transform plate boundaries and strike-slip faults, earthquakes have higher magnitude than divergent boundaries. | True |
| What is the typical magnitude of earthquakes that happen at strike-slip faults in the ocean? | 6.8 - 7.2 |
| What is the typical magnitude of earthquakes that happen at strike-slip faults on the continent? | 8 - 8.5 |
| What is the name of the zone where earthquakes happen on strike-slip faults? | the Seismogenic zone |
| How long and deep are the ruptures of a strike-slip fault? | >1000km long, approx. 20km deep |
| What was the magnitude of the Turkey Earthquake, 2023? | 7.8 |
| What was the magnitude of the San Francisco Earthquake, 1906? | 7.9 |
| What is the maximum magnitude of an earthquake ever recorded? What kind of zone was it recorded in? | 9.6 Valdivia Earthquake, in a subduction zone |
| What kind of earthquakes happen in subduction zones near the trench? | Tsunamigenic. |
| What is the magnitude of the earthquake that occured in Terremoto Tohuko, Japan in 2011? | 9.2 |
| What is the typical magnitude of Intraplate Earthquakes? What kind of stress cause these earthquakes? | 7.5 - 8. Far-field stress. |
| What was the magnitude of the Intraplate earthquake that occured in Gujarat, India in 2001? | 7.6 |
| What was the magnitude of the Intraplate earthquake that occured in New Madrid, USA? | 8.2 |
| What is the elastic rebound theory? | Theory that stress from plate movements causes earthquakes. |
| Describe the elastic rebound theory. | Stress stored in rocks causes elastic strain.
When elastic strain accumulates past the strength of the rock, the rock breaks and slips.
The stored energy is released in form of an earthquake.
Then rocks return to their original elastic state. |
| What kind of zone do Megaearthquakes always occur on? | Subduction zones |
| What is the seismic cycle? | Isostatic rebound over time. (elastic stress accumulates then is released and then accumulates again and is released again over time) |
| What are the phases of the seismic cycle? | Interseismic period (during accumulation)
Coseismic period (earthquake occurs)
Postseismic (stress is rearranged) |
| What causes fricton and earthquakes in Subduction Zones? | Oceanic plate is an uneven surface (many sea mounts and fractures), as it slides under heterogeneous continental plate, it meets interplate regions that are also uneven-> rubbing together -> friction -> pieces break off -> tremmors -> earthquakes |
| What is the magnitude of a megaearthquake? | >8 |
| What is the name of the time between earthquakes? | Seismic reccurence or return period. |
| True or False: The seismic cycle is very regular. | False |
| What is the time-predictable model? | Predict when the next earthquake occurs after the maximum stress on the fault reaches the limit. |
| What is the slip-predictable model? | Predict the magnitude of the next earthquake from the minimum stress in the fault after an earthquake. |
| How can we measure slip in a subduction zone using GPS? | GPA stations measure the movement of tectonic plates to determine slip. |
| How can we measure slip in a subduction zone using Interferomteric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)? | InSAR uses radar images to detect ground deformation. |
| How can we measure slip in a subduction zone using Light Detection adn Ranging (LiDAR)? | LiDAR uses laser pulses to creat high resolution bare-earth terrain models. |
| Name 3 methods of detecting earthquakes that happened in the past. | -Paleoseismic trenching
-Optically stimulated luminenscence dating or radiocarbon
-Infrared Stimulated Luminenscence |
| Is the Red River Fault Zone right lateral or left lateral? | Right lateral. |
| What were the two largest earthquakes in Vietname associated with the Red River Fault Zone? What were their magnitudes? | Dien Bien (6.7) and Thuan Giao (6.8) |
| How many seismic zones in Vietnam divided into? | 5: A, B, C, D, E |
| True or false: Zone C and D in Vietnam have less earthquakes and more volcanism. | True |
| True or False: Zone A and B in Vietnam have the most seismic activity of over 6 magntiude. | True |
| True or False: Zone E and D in Vietnam have offshore clusters of low seismic activity. | True |
