| a. When the outside wx is IFR(less than 3 sm vis, 1000’ ceiling), we have to file ifr flight plan and receive clearance
b. Do not confuse with class G cloud separation. If you are in class G and under 1200 agl, you need to have 1 sm vis and clear of cloud. However, it is low altitude operation. You must know what you are doing. | When are we required to file IFR flight plan and obtain IFR clearance before we go? |
| Yes, as long as the wx in destination allows you to descend from enroute minimum obstruction altitude to approach airport in VFR condition, you can file it. | Could you file an IFR flight plan to an airport which does not have any published instrument approach? |
| 123 rules: ETA to destination +/-1 hr, minimum 2000’ceiling, 3 sm vis. | Do we need an alternate airport in IFR flight plan? 123 rule |
| Precision-600’ceiling 2 mile vis(ILS, PAR, MLS)
i. For alternate purpose: only ILS/PAR/MLS approach
count as precision approach
ii. For minimum altitude in approach purpose: any
approach provides you lateral and vertical guidance
count as precision approach. | Alternate airport requirement (precision) |
| Non-precision : 800’ ceiling, 2 miles vis | Alternate airport requirement (non-precision) |
| i. ETA+/- 1hr to your alternate airport, the wx must be VFR (at least 3 sm,
1000’ceiling)
ii. No adverse condition (icing, thunderstorm...etc) | UD: Always file an alternate |
| Enough fuel to fly to your destination and alternate (if required) and plus 45 mins in cruising power
Fuel to your destination + at least 1 approach fuel + fuel to destination+ at least 1
approach fuel+ 45 mins | ifr fuel requirement? |
| i. Part 91: 0/0
ii. Part 121/135:
1. 2 engines or less: 1 mile vis
2. 3 engine or more: 1⁄2 mile vis
iii. AIM expects pilot to cross departure end of runway at 35 ft AGL and maintain 200 ft per nm until 400 feet AGL before turning to any assigned heading or course. | IFR take off requirement (standard) |
| Check ODP or SID for each different airport | IFR take off requirement (non-standard) |
| i. Every 24 months-flight review
ii. To carry passenger-preceding 90 days
1. Day 3 take off and landing
2. Night (1 hr after sunset to 1 hr before sunrise) 3 take off and landing in
full stop | Currency requirement (Private Pilot) |
| The month you want to fly preceding 6 calendar months,
1. 6 app/1 holding/1 track and intercept nav source
ii. 2nd 6 months
1. Must find CFII or safety pilots to complete the currency requirement
2. IPC(instrument proficiency check) | Currency requirement (IFR Pilot Same month and 2nd 6months) |
| iii. Over 12 months,
1. IPC or instrument checkride
iv. You must have either simulated time or actual time to log the approach
1. See FAA order for additional requirement | Currency requirement (IFR Pilot over 12 months) |
| a. Airworthiness
b. Registration for federal and state
i. FAA only cares about the federal
ii. Federal registration will expired every 3 yrs.
c. Radio license (aircraft) for international operation
d. POH
e. W&B
f. G1000 quick reference guide | Aircraft Documents |
| annual 12 month inspection
VOR- 30 Days
100 Hour
Altimeter/pitot static system 24 month
Transponder 24
ELT 12/1 hour/half life
A.D's | Aircraft Inspections (AV1ATEA) |
| With tower ATC Without tower call FSS or center/clearance delivery | Procedure to receive IFR clearance |
| Clearance limit
Route
Altitude
Frequency
Transponder code | IFR Clearance Format (CRAFT) |
| Visibility not less than IAP
Normal Rate of decent/ Normal maneuvers
Runway environment (REILS PAINT)
VASI
Other approach light (descend 100' above tdze) | When are pilots allowed to descend below minimum in a published approach? |
| A-Altitude
C-Cant keep 500 fpm
M-Missed appro
E-Equipment Mal
W-WX Unfor
A-Airspeed +- 10 kn
S-Safety/Holding | Required report (Radar Environment ACMEWASH) |
| i. FAF/OM
ii. ETA+/- greater than 3 mins
iii. Compulsory reporting point
1. Report position/time/altitude and ETA to next report point
2. Next point/next point after that | Required report (Non radar environment) |
| VFR-stay in VFR, landing asap | lost comm procedures vfr |
| 1. Assigned
2. Expected
3. Minimum obstruction clearance altitude | Lost Comm IFR (altitude) |
| 1. Assigned
2. Vectored
3. Expected
4. Filed
iii. If clearance limit is IAF, arrive IAF as close as ETA time and shoot the approach
iv. If clearance limit is not IAF, arrive clearance limit as close as ETA time, then
depart to IAF to shoot approach. | Lost Comm IFR (Route) |
| i. MHA(minimum holding altitude)-6000MSL: 200 kts
ii. 6000-14000:230kt
iii. 14000 up: 265kt
Standard holding leg(inbound)
i. 14000 below: 1 min
ii. 14000 above: 1.5mins | Holding procedure (Speed and standard hold)
ATC will assign
i. Direction/fix/radial/turn/EFC
EFC (expected further clearance time) time
i. If you do not receive any further clearance after EFC time, you are considered as
lost communication. |
| i. Airspeed indicator
ii. Tachometer
iii. Oil pressure
iv. Manifold pressure gauge(constant propeller)
v. Altimeter
vi. Temperature gauge(liquid cool engine)
vii. Oil temperature | VFR DAY (ATOMATO) |
| ix. Landing gear position indicator(retractable landing gear)
x. Anticollision light
xi. Magnetic direction indicator
xii. ELT
xiii. Seatbelt and suitable survival gear | VFR DAY (FLAMES) |
| i. Fuses
ii. Landing light (required for hire)
iii. Anticollion light
iv. Position light
v. Source of electricity | FLAPS(VFR Night) |
| Generator, Radio suitable navigation equipment
Attitude Indicator ,Ball
Clock w/second, Adjustable altimeter
Rate of turn, Directional gyro
DME-above FL240 | GRABCARD(IFR) |
| GPS system use extra satellite to monitor other satellites.
All IFR GPS must have RAIM function to ensure GPS reliability. RAIM not available = Do not trust your GPS
LOI: lack of integrity=Do not trust your GPS | RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring |
| A GPS system to enhance the GPS accuracy
FAA thinks GPS without WAAS is not independent enough. | WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System |
| a. You cannot use LPV, LNAV/VNAV(if your VNAV information is
from WAAS), and LP minimums in GPS approach
b. You must have alternative navigation equipment on board. The
alternative navigation equipment cannot be based on
satellite.EX: VOR,DME, IRU...etc
c. Either your destination airport or alternate airport must have
other than GPS approach. (USE FDE TO CHECK RAIM B4 DEPART) | GPS without WAAS |
| RNAV(GPS) – we can do it | RNAV (GPS) approach |
| We cannot do it.
Required special training for crew member, required special aircraft equipment, and part 91 operator needs to have a letter of authorization from FAA | RNAV (RNP) approach |
| i. Tell what you need to do if you have any equipment failure
ii. If anything is not listed in MEL, you must find AMT to check it
iii. Advantage: easy to determine airworthy condition
iv. Disadvantage: expensive, each airplane must have its own MEL | Inoperative equipment- MEL-minimum equipment list |
| i. 91.205 ATOMATO FLAMES FLAPS GRABCARD
ii. Kinds of equipment list (Cessna POH section 2)
iii. Comprehensive equipment list (Cessna POH section 6)
iv. A.D
v. PIC
vi. If you determine you are legal and comfortable to go, you need to do something
1. Remove the equipment and recalculate W&B
2. Or, placard and deactive it. | Inoperative equipment |
| Pilot
Aircraft
Environment
External pressure | Risk Management (PAVE) |
| Illness, Medical, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue (Chronic/acute), Eating/Emotions | PAVE-Pilot (IM SAFE) |
| ATOMATOFLAMES - VFR DAY FLAPS-VFR NIGHT | PAVE-AIRPLANE |
| R- Runway length and distance
A- ATC delays, known
W- weather WX
F- Fuel
A- Alternate information
T- take and landing distance | PAVE Environment (RAWFAT) |
| Pilot license
Medical
Government issued id
Currency | Pilot Documents |
| ICET /ICE
i. Indicated airspeed
ii. Calibrated airspeed(IAS corrected by instrument installed position error)
iii. Equivalent airspeed(CAS corrected by compression error, airspeed greater than 200kt)
iv. True airspeed(equivalent airspeed corrected by density error) | Types of Airspeed |
| Indicated altitude
Pressure altitude-altitude above standard datum plane(29.92)
Density altitude-pressure altitude corrected by non-standard temperature Absolute altitude-AGL
True altitude-altitude of airplane above MSL | Types of altitude |
| Airspeed 0, altimeter +-75 ft of field ele, attitude indicator bank no less than 5 deg and pitch should slightly be above horizon, Ball = opposite, Rate of turn goes same direction,VSI=0 | Instrument check during taxi |
| East magnetic course (0-179): odd thousand
West magnetic course (180-359): even thousand | IFR Cruising altitude |
| 1. Obstruction clearance-1000 feet normal area, 2000 ft in mountain area
2. Nav reception guarantee | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) MEA-minimum enroute altitude |
| 1. Obstruction clearance-1000 feet normal area, 2000 ft in mountain area
2. Nav reception guarantee within 22 nm from nav station | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) MOCA-minimum obstruction clearance altitude |
| 1. Obstruction clearance-1000 feet normal area, 2000 ft in mountain area | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) OROCA-off route obstruction clearance altitude |
| 1. Obstruction clearance-1000 feet normal area, 2000 ft in mountain area
2. Guarantee nav radio reception-usually use to identify the waypoint | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) MRA-Minimum reception altitude |
| 1. Obstruction clearance-1000 feet normal area, 2000 ft in mountain area
2. Must arrive to the altitude at the point | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) MCA-minimum crossing altitude |
| maximum authorized altitude | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) MAA = |
| 1. Minimum altitude ATC will vector you(you won’t see it in chart) | IFR Altitude Low IFR Enroute chart(updated every 56 days, each chart has its own scale) MVA-minimum vectoring altitude |
| i. DH/DA-decision height/altitude
1. A specified altitude in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference have not been established
ii. MDA-minimum descent altitude
1. A specified altitude in a non-precision approach or circling approach
below which descent may not be made without visual reference | IFR altitude-Approach plate(updated every 56 days) DH/DA/MDA?? |
| a. ABCDE
b. check your Vref or Vso*1.3.
c. check your digital supplement for approach plate
i. category A: 0-90 kt
ii. category B:90-120kt | IFR approach plate category's? |
| a. Category A :1.3 nm
b. Category B: 1.5nm | IFR approach plate circle distance (check the digital supplement) |
| a. D notam-airport environment
b. FDC notam- from Flight Data Center-IAP change or airspace change
c. NOTAM (book)
i. Published every 28days
ii. All FDC notam longer than 28 days should be in the book
iii. Include sectional chart and IFR chart change | NOTAM's |
| a. Snow sign on approach plate
b. When Ground reported temperature is at or below the specified temperature, you have to increase the altitude on each point based on cold temperature correction table. You do not adjust the altimeter setting | Cold temperature correction |
| a. Simplified directional finder
b. Wider than LOC
i. Each side is either 6 or 12 degrees c. Maybe offset the runway | SDF approach |
| a. Localizer type directional aid
b. Not align the rwy
c. May have glideslope (you will treat it like DA in precision approach, but for alternate
airport purpose, it is non-precision approach) | LDA approach |
| a. Radar approach
b. ATC will tell you what to do | PAR/ASR approach |
| a. You cannot descent below MDA even you have runway environment insight. You are allowed to decent below minimum when you pass VDP and have runway environment insight. | VDP-visual descent point |
| a. A- the English letter mean the approach does not align with the runway. Circle minimun
only | VOR/DME A |
| The either X/Y/Z letter mean there are multiple similar approaches for the same runway | GPS X/Y/Z |
| a. Visible moisture and temperature is close to freeze
b. We cannot fly in icing condition | Icing condition |
| i. Zulu-moderate icing
ii. Tango-moderate turbulence/sustained surface winds is 30 kt or greater
iii. Sierra-mountain obstruration/IFR | Airmet-max 6 hr |
| i. Severe turbulence / icing
ii. Duststorm/sandstorm
iii. Volcano ash | Sigmet-max 4 hr |
| i. Convective activities
ii. Surface wind greater than or equal 50kt
iii. Hail at surface is 3⁄4 inch or greater in diameter
iv. Tornado,
v. Thunderstorm
vi. Squall line cover at least 60 miles with thunderstom affecting at least 40 % of its
length
vii. An area of ts affecting at least 3000 square miles covering at least 40 % | Convective segment-max 2 hr |
| Hypoxic
hypemic
stagnant
histotoxic | Hypoxia 4 types |
| To much oxygen, to fix get them talking to slow the breathing rate | Hyperventilation |
| 8 hr bottle to throttle
.04%
can not be under any effects IE - hungover/buzzed | Alcohol |
