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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Components found in animal food source	Zoochemicals
Obtained from living things	Organic
Organic components required by an organism as vital nutrient in limited amounts.	Vitamins
Naturally occurring, inorganic substances.	Minerals
The reaction of a tissue to injury or infection, characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and pain.	Inflammation
The genetic content of all the microorganisms that inhabit the GI Tract.	Microbiome
A long-acting disease that does not quickly resolve, e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.	Chronic Disease
The study of chnages in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.	Epigenetics
The building blocks of protein. Organic compounds containing both COOH and NH2	Amino Acids
Diversity in gene sequence within a population or among populations that are most commonly due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or copy number variants (CNVs).	Gene Variants
A diet built upon foods presumed to have been eaten by early humans.	Paleo
A diet that cycles between periods of eating and not eating.	Intermittent Fasting
A group of compounds including sugars, starch, and cellulose.	Carbohydrates
Foods that are exceptionally pleasing to the sense of taste.	Hyper-Palatable
Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.	Metabolism
The body's ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition.	Homeostasis
Substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions.	Enzyme
Make up our brain, nerves and associated structures.	Nervous Tissues
Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task.	Organelle
Internal fluid portion of the cell.	Cytosol
Basic unit of a chemical element.	Atom
Group of atoms bonded together.	Molecule
A large molecule	Macromolecules
Nutrient the body requires in large amounts (i.e., Protein, Fat, Carbs).	Macronutrient
Organic compound the body requires in very small amounts (i.e., Vitamins and Minerals).	Micronutrient
Consisting of two or more substances.	Compounds
Energy stored within a physical system.	Potential Energey
Non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation.	Co-Factor
Compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell.	Hormone
Specific, inherited DNA of an organism, which influences what they become, although environment that plays a key role in the expression of an organisms genetic code.	Genetics
Nucleic acids that contain instructions for hereditary.	DNA
Organelle where genetic mateiral is housed.	Nucleus
A particular sequence in DNA/RNA that controls the expression of a protein, and by extension the characteristics of an organisms.	Gene
Something that's remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution.	Evolutionary Conserved
Variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes.	Genetic Polymorphism
Having a biological effect.	Bioactive
An increase of a cellular component.	Upregulated
Docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid.	DHA
Study of how genes respond to nutritional intake.	Nutrigenomics
Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cells.	Plasma Membrane
Any class of organics compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives.	Lipids
Synthesized in the liver; precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones.	Cholesterol
A type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group "head" and hydrophobic fatty acid "tail" that forms cell membranes.	Phospholipids
Strong affinity for water.	Hydrophilic
Lack of affinity for water.	Hydrophobic
A fat with no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain.	Saturated Fat
Fat derived from the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils.	Trans Fat
A fat with one double bond between the carbons in the fatty acid chain.	Monounsaturated Fats
A fat with two or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid chain.	Polyunsaturated Fats
The protoplasm within a cell, excluding the nucleus.	Cytoplasm
Convert nutrients into energy. // Organelles that supply the cells' energy /ATP	Mitochondria
ATP, source of energy for physiological reactions.	Adenosine Triphosphate
The double biomembrane surrounding the mitochondrion.	Mitochondrial Membrane
Any biological process that recurs naturally on a day-night cycle.	Circadian
Located in the nucleus, contain genetic information.	Chromosomes
The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.	Transcription
Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mrna.	Translation
Cytoplasmic membrane that translates protein.	Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins.	Golgi Apparatus
A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells.	Ribosomes
Hormones possessing steroid ring systems, including androgens, estrogens, and adrenocortical hormones.	Steroid Hormones
Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity.	Glycoproteins
Manufacturing of proteins from amino acids; guided by DNA.	Protein Synthesis
Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities.	Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Flattened membrane disc of Golgi Apparatus	Cisterna
Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds.	Vesicles
Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes.	Lysosome
Organism of microscopic size.	Microorganisms
Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules.	Peroxisomes
To remove a poison or toxin from the body.	Detoxify
Synthesized in the liver of humans and other animals. A precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones.	Cholesterol
A yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver, concentrated and stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine for fat digestion.	Bile
Beta, the second letter of greek alphabet.	B
Class of physiologically active fatty acid compounds present in various tissues; can have hormone-like effects.	Prostagiandin
A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction.	Catalyst
Model that explains enzyme specificity.	Lock-And-Key Model
Model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures.	Induced Fit Model
Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system.	Co-Enzyme
Initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction.	Catalyze
Conversion of one signal to another by a cell.	Signal Transduction
A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity.	Recepter-Ligand Building Complex
An ion or molecule that binds to another molecule or metal atom.	Ligand
Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule.	Second Messenger
Pillar-shaped cells that line many sufaces of the body.	Columnar Epithelial Cells
Mucus-secreting epithelial cell that distends, taking on the form of a goblet; found often in respiratory and intestinal tracts.	Goblet Cells