| Describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration. | It is simply an electron carrier from the citric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation |
| what is oxidation? what is being oxidized in the cellular respiration equation? | the loss of an electron in a reaction -- the sugar// glucose (C6H12O6) |
| When a reaction is reduced, what happens to its overall charge? What is being reduced in the cellular respiration eq? | it becomes more negative because it is gaining electrons -- the oxygen (O2) |
| What does oxidative phosphorylation produce? Explain how | ATP -- through the electron transport chain |
| Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur? | Glycolysis and citric acid cycle |
| Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? | In the cytosol |
| What does substrate-level phosphorylation use in order to create ATP? | enzymes |
| How many ATP's are produced at the glycolysis level and the citric acid cycle level? | 2 ATP's each! |
| During the pyruvate oxidative level, what happens to the pyruvate? Explain why this needs to happen. | It gets turned into acetyl CoA-- the pyruvate itself, in its 3 sugar polymer's, wouldn't get accepted by the citric acid cycle -- Acetyl CoA is more of a reactive molecule than the pyruvate enabling that reaction to occur quicker |
| In what stage of cellular respiration is the most CO2 released? | The citric acid cycle |
| What part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? | oxidative phosphorylation -- or the electron transport chain |
| Where does the citric acid cycle happen in the cell? | in the mitochondrion |
| Can glycolysis occur with or without oxygen? (O2) | Yes |
| Where is the most CO2 released in the cellular respiration process? | In the citric acid cycle |
| What is used in the E.T.C. to help synthesize ATP besides the transport of electrons? | Chemiosmosis and the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| How many ATP's does the ETC produce directly? | SIKE! the ETC doesn't produce any ATP DIRECTLY, it does however produce around 38 ATP's with the help of other process!! |
| After taking the last step in the electron chain, who is receiving that last electron? | Oxygen will receive that last electron from the chain, which means it is reduced, and it becomes water. |
| How does chemiosmosis help atp synthesis in the ETC? | The stored energy in the hydrogen ions on opposite sides of the membrane create a proton gradient -- this proton gradient is what can be considered to be chemiosmosis -- the proton pump is the power source for the atp synthase (which is a protein complex that allows for atp synthase to occur in the ETC |
| Dig deeper into the proton pump, what is now the result of it being used in the ETC? | The hydrogen gradient that is made from the proton pump creates a proton motive force -- this has the capacity to do work -- it basically pushes the hydrogen through pump over and over again across the membrane. |
| Remember that oxygen that was the last receiver down the ETC? Yeah.. what if it wasnt there? Does cellular respiration stop? | No, it doesn't stop! Fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur at the oxidative phosphorylation level |
| Anaerobic respiration can take place at the glycolysis level but what DOESNT have to present in order for ATP synthesis to keep occurring? | Oxygen-- anaerobic respiration means that oxygen doesn't have to present to pull those electrons down in order for cellular respiration to continue |
| How does fermentation allow for atp synthesis? | It recycles NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to a pyruvate -- it basically eliminates the need for glycolysis to occur |
| How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactic acid fermentation? | alcohol ferm. converts pyruvate in two steps where as lactic acid ferm. reduces pyruvate directly by NADH and doesn't realease CO2 unlike alcohol fermentation where Co2 is released after the first step of reduction |
| what is a facultative anaerobes? | yeasts and bacteria that can survive using either fermentation or respiration |
| what is an obligate anaerobe? | animals that carry out only fermentation OR anaerobic respiration -- they also can't survive if oxygen is present. |
| does it just have to be carbs to get glycolysis started or can other organic molecules be used to make ATP? | yes, other organic molecules can be used to make ATP |
| Why is mitochondrion the power house of the cell? | Because it produces a lot of atp that powers all of the cell |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | in chloroplasts in plants |
| What is the basic definition of photosynthesis? | to capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules. |
| Why does chlorophyll play an important role in photosynthesis? | it absorbs all the light to start the whole process |
| In photosynthesis what gets reduced and what becomes oxidized? | The carbon dioxide gets reduced and the water gets oxidized. |
| Photosynethesis involves two steps, what are they? | light reactions and the calvin cycle |
| In general what do the light reactions do? | convert solar energy to chemical energy |
| In general what does the calvin cycle do? | uses energy from light reactions to add in the CO2 from the atmosphere into sugar |
