What are the CAUSES of PRIMARY Lymphostatic Edema?

• Hypoplasia – there are not enough lymphatic collectors, or they are not sufficiently developed • Hyperplasia – too many lymphatic collectors. The collectors are often rigidly enlarged. The valves are pulled apart & do not work • Aplasia – if the lymphatic collectors are completely missing. Precollectors & some collectors normally exist but without wide ranging drainage • Lymph node hypoplasia – in most cases combined with fibrosis. There are not enough lymph nodes or they are too small