Describe the 'punishment-obedient' and 'market exchange' stages in Level I: Preconventional Ethics.

1. In the punishment-obedience stage, people make moral decisions based on their chances of getting caught and being punished. If the person is caught and punished, then the act is morally wrong; if not, the act is right. Consequences of acts determine whether they're good or bad. Individuals make moral decisions without considering the needs or feelings of others. 2. In the market exchange stage, people reason that an act is morally justified if it results in reciprocity, such as "You do something for me, and I'll do something for you." The ethics of "What's in it for me?", obeying rules and exchanging favours are judged in terms of benefits to the individual.