Increasing CO2 emissions

1. The buffering effect of oceans - Oceans absorb CO2 in equilibrium with atmospheric increase, Biological activity precipitates CO2 in the form of CaCO3 but with pH decrease, Biological activity is known to produce RDOM (and POM) that draws carbon from the surface and sinks to the bottom of the oceans where it can remain for centuries. 2. Ocean acidification - change in pH = 30% increase in H+ ions, Drop in limestone formation, Reef decline and Increasing wave energy on shorelines. 3. Temperature increase