- Venom has COAGULATION & VASOCONSTRICTION properties; causes SELECTIVE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE - Venom ADHERE TO NEUTROPHILS; - When INJECTED to MAMMALS: LOCAL TISSUE REACTION, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA - Sting pain is the SAME AS WHEN BITTEN BY ANT once bitten, manifestations are: LOCAL BURNING SENSATION, PRURITIS (after 30-60 MINS), SKIN TEMPERATURE ELEVATED lesion area, REDDENED AREA ENLARGED and PURPLISH (1-8hours HEMORRHAGING), LYMPHADENOPATHY (greater than 1cm), IN SERIOUS BITES: 8by10cm with SEVERE NECROSIS Systemic symptoms and signs include fever, MALAISE, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting, JAUNDICE, SPLEEN ENLARGEMENT, HEMOLYSIS, HEMATURIA, AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. FATAL CASES: INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, HEMOGLOBINURIA, & RENAL FAILURE.