Discuss the main differences between the linear and the chain-link model of innovation

Linear Model of innovation: 1) Sequential process (basic research, applied research, development, production, marketing) 2) Research-centric (primary driver of innovation) 3) Unidirectional flow (inf flows in one direction, no feedback) 4) Predictability and control (logical step-by-step process) 5) Criticism (overly simplistic, ignores the role of market demand) Chain-link model (Stephen Kline and Nathan Rosenberg): 1) Interactive and iterative process (Knowledge → Invention → Design → Development → Production → Marketing, with constant feedback loops) 2) Multiple pathways (innovation can be demand-pulled (market-driven) or technology-pushed (research-driven)) 3) Feedback loops 4) Interconnected components (interdependance between different components) 5) Adaptability and flexibility 6) Real worlad relevance (reflects real processes)