2 CVIS
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100 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| How long is the balloon inflated for? | 10 to 30 seconds |
| The degree of elastic recoil loss is affected by | Balloon-to-artery size ratio |
| Restenosis is caused by? | Intimal hyperplasia and rarely vessel recoil after stenting |
| What is backing out? | GC ejects from coronary ostium |
| Strong back up? | Stable support for GC |
| Deep seating | GC is manipulated over balloon catheter shaft |
| One disadvantage to OTW | Requires 2 people |
| What is different between a monorail and a OTW? | Monorail has 2 lumens and can be used by one person |
| Limitations of monorails are? | Higher wire skill needed and blood loss when removing it |
| Another name for a monorail catheter | Rapid-exchange |
| FFR represents? | Percentage of normal blood flow through stenosis |
| What does FFR stand for? | Fractional Flow Reserve |
| What is Frank Starlings law? | The greater the stretch the more forceful the contraction up to a point |
| Afterload | Resistance against which the ventricle must pump |
| Stroke volume | Amount of blood ejected in one cardiac cycle |
| Cardiac output | Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in liters per minute |
| Cardiac output formula | Stroke volume times heart rate |
| What is the mediastinum | Space between the lungs |
| What could a wide mediastinum mean? | Dissected aorta |
| What is the intercostal space | The space between ribs |
| The base of the heart includes | La, some ra, pulmonary veins,svc and ivc |
| Anterior surface of the heart | Ventricles |
| Apex of the heart includes | Tip of lv |
| List layers of the heart from outer to inner | Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| Atrial kick | 10-30% of blood enters ventricles just before end diastolic |
| What is missing in a fib | No P waves, no atrial kick |
| Angina equivalence | Jaw, arm, and back pain, ekg changes |
| Myocardial ischemia | Oxygen demand is more than supply |
| Chronotropic effect | Change in heart rate |
| Dromotropic effects | Change in speed through av node |
| What is ejection fraction | Ventricle wall movement |
| Atherosclerosis | The build up plaque in the arteries |
| Arteriosclerosis | The thickening and hardening of the artery walls |
| Left heart cath and coronaries | Arterial access, aorta, left and right coronaries, pressure of left ventricle, left ventriculogram |
| Right heart cath | Venous access, svc or ivc, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, pulmonary wedge, pulmonary artery. pressures and o2 sats |
| What is preload? | It is end-diastolic volume |
| Depolarization is | Charged particles move into the cell causing contraction |
| Repolarization does? | Allows the heart to rest |
| Atrial repolarization | Not ekg detectable |
| Atrial depolarization | Detectable on ekg |
| Working cells of the heart | Myocardial cells |
| Cells what generate and conduct electrical impulses | Pacemaker cells |
| Describe automaticity | Ability of the pacemaker cells to initiate an electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source |
| Describe excitability | Ability of the cardiac muscle cells to respond to an outside stimulus |
| Describe conductivity | Ability of a cardiac cell to receive an electrical stimulus and conduct that stimulus to an adjacent cardiac cell |
| Describe contractility | Ability of the cardiac cells to shorten, causing cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus |
| Describe refractoriness | The period of recovery that cells need after being discharged before they are able to respond to a stimulus |
| Absolute refractory period | Cells can not respond to any electrical impulse |
| Relative refractory period | Cells can depolarize if impulse is strong enough |
| What is the primary pacemaker | Sinoatrial node |
| What stimulates the left atrium | Bachman's bundle |
| How does the impulse get to the AV node from the SA node? | Internodal pathways |
| What does the av node do? | Delays the impulse so the ventricles have time to fill with blood |
| What ventricle are the purkinjie fibers at? | Left ventricle |
| What is between the av node and the bundle branches | Bundle of HIS |
| If the bundle of his has to pace the heart what is the rate and sections below it is pacing? | 40-60bpm for the left and right bundle branches |
| List 3 sections of the left bundle brach | Anterior fascicle, posterior fascicle, septal fascicle |
| Dysrhythmias | Result from impulse formation or impulse conduction disorders |
| Partial conduction block | Slow but all impulses are conducted |
| Complete conduction blocks | No impulses are conducted |
| What does reentry do? | Creates a loop that stimulates tissue that was already depolarized |
| How is the PR segment measured? | End of p to start of qrs |
| How is st segment measured | End of s to end of t |
| How long is a QRS | .11 seconds or less |
| What is the T wave | The repolarization of ventricles |
| How is the pr interval measured | Start of p to start of qrs |
| What are the numbers to label for the sequence method | 300 150 100 75 60 50 |
| Bradycardia rate is | Below 60 |
| In sinus bradycardia what might be longer? | QT interval |
| What can suddenly cause bradycardia? | Cold water |
| Tachycardia is seen in patients that experience? | Anterior infarction |
| What do you do for tachycardia? | Treat underlying cause |
| What causes sinus arrhythmia? | Changes in intrathoracic pressure |
| Non respiratory sinus arrhythmia is seen in patients that experience? | Acute inferior wall MI |
| Main identifying feature of sinoatrial block | Gaps in pulse in a multiple of the p to p intervals |
| What are possible treatments for sinoatrial block? | IV atropine, temporary pacer, or permanent pacer |
| An impulse in the SA node is created but is not conducted is? | Sinoatrial block |
| No impulse is created | Sinus arrest |
| Possible treatments for sinus arrest are? | Iv atropine and pacer |
| Sinus arrest is a disorder of | Impulse formation |
| Sinoatrial block is a disorder of? | Impulse conduction |
| Lead 2 views? | Inferior surface of left ventricle |
| Pr interval length is? | .12 -.2 seconds |
| Presence of st segment depression in lead 2 suggests? | Myocardial ischemia |
| Pcv is usually followed by a | Compensatory pause |
| A fusion beat is | A supraventricular impulse at the same time as an ectopic impulse |
| Multiforms have different | Locations of origin |