APHUG unit five flashcards
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| Agriculture | The delibereate effort to modify a portion of earths surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenence or economic gains |
| Agricultural revolution | The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely in hunting and gathering |
| Agriculutural hearths | Soutwest asia, east asia, central and south asia, and subsaharan africa |
| Subsistence agriculture | Agriciutlure designede primalrily to provide food for direct ocnsumption by the farmer nad farmers family |
| Commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| Dietary energy consumption | The amount of food than an individual consumes measure in kilocalories |
| Food security | Physical social and econo,i acesss at all times to sage and nutrious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences fir an active and healthy life |
| Wet rice dominant | To rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. |
| Nonrice dominatnt | Climate does not allow for hte flooding of rice fields |
| Pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| Shifting cultivation | A form of subsis- agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
| Plantation agriculture | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country |
| Mixed crop and livestock | Commercial farming characterized by intergration of crops and livestock, most of the crops are fed to animals rather than directly consumed by humans |
| Dairying | A form of comercial agriculture that specilizes in the production of milk and other dairy products |
| Grain farming | Farms that specify in grain |
| Ranching | A faorm of commercial agriculture in whinc livestockc graze over an extensive area |
| Mediterean agriculture | Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, etc.) |
| Commercial gardening | Relatively small scare porduction of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture |
| Transhumance | Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area |
| Shifting cultivation/slash and burn | Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegatation and urning the debris, s |
| Double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| Crop rotation | The practice of roataing cuse of fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
| Sawah | A flodded field for growing rice |
| Aquaculture/aquafarming | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
| Overfishing | Capturing ifsh faster than they cna reproduce |
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by the interegration of different steps in the food processing industiry, usually through ownership by large companies |
| Horticulture | Growing oof fruits vegetables flowers and tree crops |
| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming so nammed for the middle english word truck meaning barter or exchange of commodities |
| Milkshed | The area surronding a city from which milk is supplied |
| Prime agricultural land | The most productive farnalnd |
| Desertification | Degredation of land, especially in semiarid area, primarily because of human actions such as execessive crop planting animal grazing and tree cutting, also known as semiarid land degradation |
| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agriculltural technologu especially new high yeild seeds and fertilizers |
| Forest fallow | Fields are cleared and utilized for up to two years and left to falllow for more than 20 yrs, long enough for the forest to grow vback |
| Bush fallow | Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 8 yrs and left fallow for up to 10 yrs, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back |
| Short fallow | Fields are cleared and utilized for perhaps 2 yrs, and left to fallow for up to yrs, long enough for wild grasses to grow back |
| Annual cropping | Fields are used every year and rotated between legumes and roots |
| No tillage | Leaves all of the soil undisturved and the entire residue of the previos yrs harvest is left untouched on the fields |
| Ridge tillage | A system of planting crops on ridge tops |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | A living organism that posseses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology |
| Undernourishment | A dietary energy consumption that is continously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light phyiscal activity |
| Clustered | Agriculture based community in which a number of families live in close proximity ot each other with fields surronding the collection of houses and farm building |
| Dispersed | Characterized by farmers livng on indvidual farms isolated from neighbots rather than alongside other farmers in settlements |
| Linear | In a line |
| Metes and bounds | This system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels. |
| Township and range | A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior |
| Long lot | Long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river. |
| Columbian exchange | Transfer of pants, animals. people, culture,technoloy between western hempishere and europe as a result of european colonization and trade |
| Intensive farming | Intensive farming is carried out in relatively densely populated areas, like the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. It involves smaller land holdings than in extensive farming and requires a relatively large amount of manual labor. |
| Extensive farming | A type of agricultural production that involves the use of relatively low levels of inputs, such as labor, capital, and chemicals, in order to produce crops or livestock |
| Von thunen model | A predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market |
| Community supported agriculture | Refers to a particular network, or association of individuals, who have pledged to support one or more local farms, with growers and consumers sharing the risks and benefits of food production. |
| Urban farming | The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city. |