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114 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is the blood vessels in circulation | Arteries, veins, capillaries |
| What two circuits does the heart pump blood | Pulmonary circuit(right side), systemic circuit(left side) |
| Which circuit pumps blood with no oxygen | Pulmonary circuit(right side) |
| What is apex of the heart | Rounded point |
| What is the base of the heart mean | Flat part |
| The heart wall consists of 3 layers | Epicardium ,myocardium, endocardium |
| What type of tissue is endocardium | Epithelial simple squamous |
| What is the wall of the heart | Cardiac muscle or myocardium |
| What layer of connective tissue is surrounding the outside of the heart | Epicardum(serous membrane) |
| What is pericarditis | Inflammation of pericardium |
| What is cardiac taponade? | Large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in pericardial cavity |
| What is auricles | Anterior extensions of atria |
| Coronary sulcus is | Separates atria from ventricle |
| Interventriculuar sulcus | Is anterior and posterior and seperates right and left ventricles |
| What is the difference between a vein and arteries | Veins are vessels that bring blood to the heart while arteries take blood away from the heart |
| Function of atria | Collect venous blood |
| Structures of atria right side | Openings of superior and inferior vena cava |
| Structures of atria right side | Opening of the coronary sinus |
| Structures of atria right | Fossa ovalis former foramen ovalis |
| Structures of atria right | Pectinated muscle |
| 2 nodes in atria | SA , AV nodes |
| Structure of left atria | Openings of 2 right and two left pulmonary veins |
| The openings of 2 right and two left pulmonary veins does what | Brings oxygen righ blood from lungs to left atrium |
| Structure of left atria | Penctinated muscle |
| Ventricles function | Recieve blood from atria, pump blood through arteries |
| Structures of ventricles ride side | Opening to pulmonary trunk |
| Structures of ventricles right side | Trabeculae carnae |
| Structures of ventricles right side | Papillary muscle |
| Structures of left side of ventricles | Trabeculae carnae |
| Structures of left side ventricles | Papillary muscle |
| Structures of left side ventricles | Opening to aorta |
| What are two main functions of pulmonary trunk | Takes oxygen depleted blood into lungs , divides into right and left pilmonary arteries |
| What are trabeculae carnae | Muscle ridges of ventricle |
| What are papillary muscle | Fingerlike projections of muscle that attach to the chordae tendinae of heart valves |
| Functiond of opening to aorta | Aorta takes oxygen rich blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation |
| Right side of atrioventicular | AV valve, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Left side of atrioventicular | AV valve , bicuspid (mitral), aortic semilunar valve |
| What happens in route of blood flow through the heart | Both atria and both ventricles contract at same time |
| Where does blood move from and where does it pass through | Moves from atria to ventricles, passing through opan AV valves |
| What happens to the cusps in bicuspid when heart is relaxes | The cusps of the valve are pushed by the blood into the ventricles |
| What happens to the cusps in the aortic semulunar valve when heart is relaxed | The cusps of the valve overlap as they are pushed by the blood in the aorta toward the ventricle |
| Where does deoxygenated blood arrive at | At the right atri via SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus |
| Where does oxygenated blodd arrive at | At the left atria via four pulmonary veins |
| When does valve position | When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle |
| What happens the cusps in bicuspid valve when heart is contracted | Cusps of the valve overlap as they are pushed by the blood toward the left atrium |
| What happens to cusps in aortic semilnar valve when heart is contracted | Pushed by the blood toward aorta |
| Function of heart skeletion | Electrical insulation between atria and ventricle |
| Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | Elongated, branching |
| Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | Have intercalated discs |
| Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | Have sarcomeres |
| What are two population of muscle cells in heart | Contractile and conducting cells |
| What is the function of conducting cells | Generate action potentials and relay AP'S to contractile cells |
| What components of the ventricles does the conductiong system have | AV bundles, bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| SA mode is the | Pacemakrt of the heart |
| What happens to the AP's in SA node | AP's that aere generated at SA node travel through walls of atrium to AV node, spreat throughout contractile cells of atria |
| What happens to AP's in AV node | AP's pass through AV node and along AV bundle, AV bundle extends through the interventrucular septum |
| What happens to the atria and ventricle when delayed | Prevents them from contracting at the same time |
| What does the bundle branches carry | AP to apex of each ventricle |
| What causes delay of impulse at AV bundle | Smaller cells of AV bundle, few intercalacted discs |
| What does the delay at AV bundle allow atria to do | To contact before ventricle |
| In plateau phase, what happens to calcium | Enough calcium channels are open to slow down depolarization, calcium influx initiates muscle contraction |
| In pacemaker potential, | Small number of sodium channels are open, voltage gated ca2+ channels begin to open which mainly responsible for depolarization |
| Depolarization phase | Voltage gated ca+ channels open |
| What does having tachycardia mean | Heart rate excess of 100 bpm |
| What does having bradycardia mean | Heart rate less than 60 bpm |
| What is cardiac cycle | The repetitive contraction-relaxtion of the heart |
| What is the normal cardiac cycle lenght in an adult | .7-.8 seconds |
| What does cardiac cycle depend on | Ability of the muscle to contract, integrity of conduction system |
| What does systole mean | Contraction |
| What does diastole mean | Relaxation |
| What happens in a passive ventricular filling | Blood passively filling atria pushing AV valves open which most of ventricular filling take place |
| What happens in atrial systole | Atrial contraction finishes filling ventricles |
| What happens in early ventricular systole | Ventricular contraction begins, ventricles are filled with blood, AV valves are closed making the first heart sound |
| End diastolic volume is | Volume inside ventricles |
| In early ventricular systole, what happens to the atria | Its relaxed, blood flows through from veins |
| In early ventricular systole, what happens to the ventricles | Its filled with blood, then ventricular contraction begins, AV and semilunar valves remain closed, contraction increases pressure |
| What happens in the ventrucular systole period of ejection | Ventricular contraction increases, increasing ventricular pressure, pressure pushes semilunar valves open, blood flows through semilunar valves |
| What happens in ventricular and atrial diastole | Ventricles are relaxed, blood inside the aorta and pulmonary trunk returns, filling semilunar valves to close, AV valves closed, second heart starts |
| EDV-ESV= | SV |
| What is the strongest aortic/blood pressure | 120mmHg- 80mmHg |
| What does MAP mean | Mean arterial blood pressure |
| CO means | Cardiac output resistance |
| HR means | Heart rate |
| CO= | HR X SV |
| MAP= | HR X SV X PR |
| What does preload mean | The volume of blood that arrives at the right atria |
| What happens when preload is increases | EDV is increased, which stretches the ventricular walls |
| What is the response to the preload and EDV increase | An increase in contractility causing a greater SV, which is called starling law of thr heart |
| What is afterload | Pressure that the left ventricle must exert to open the aortic semilunar valve |
| When the afterload is increased | It decreases SV, CO and MAP |