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tasted by edges of the tongue ,. H+ions bind to K+channels, blocking them, and preventing K+from leaving the cell resulting in depolarization

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Sour

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L20 HNS - Details

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Tasted by edges of the tongue ,. H+ions bind to K+channels, blocking them, and preventing K+from leaving the cell resulting in depolarization

Sour

Tasted by anterior part of the dorsum of the tongue.NaCl in food activates epithelial Na channels (ENaC)which cause Na+influx

Salt

Organic chemicals e.g. sugars, glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and inorganic salts of lead and beryllium. It is tasted by the tip of the tongue bind with a plasma membrane receptor that activates a G-protein called "gustatin" cause production of cAMP. This leads to phosphorylation of K+channels decreasing K+leakage

Sweet

Long-chain organic substances that contain nitrogen, and Alkaloids tasted by the back of the tongue increase intracellular messenger inositol triphosphate (IP3) which causes the release of Ca2+

Bitter

In food containing L-glutamate such as meat extracts and aging cheese. It is tasted by all parts of the tongue activate mGluR4. These receptors allowNa+influx & K+ efflux

Umami

Taste binding protein that transports the tastant and concentrates it at taste buds.Then the tastant binds to its specific receptors in the microvilli of gutstatorycells causing potential changes in the taste receptor cell and release of the chemical transmitter. produced by

Ebner's

Taste From anterior 2/3 of the tongue are carried by the

Chorda tympani nerve (branch of the facial nerve).

From the posterior 1/3 of the tongue are carried by the

Glossopharyngeal nerve

From the pharynx, hard and soft palate and epiglottis are carried by the

Vagus nerve.

First order neurons of Gustatory Pathway

From the taste buds to the gustatory nucleus (nucleus solitarius)

Second order neurons of Gustatory Pathway

From the gustatory nucleus (nucleus solitarius) to ipsilateral medial lemniscus and pass directly to the (VPMNT)

Complete loss of taste

Ageusia

Taste hallucinations

Phantogeusia

Yellow-brown pigments, tubular Bowman's glands& absence of rhythmic ciliary movements

Olfactory Mucosa

Olfactory Mucosa innervated by

Olfactory (cranial I) nerve& trigeminal

1storder neuron The Olfactory Pathways

Olfactory receptors pass through the cribriform plate to end in the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

2ndorder neurons in The Olfactory Pathways

Mitral and tufted cells present in the olfactory bulbs that leaves the bulb to the olfactory cortex

Inhibitory interneurons present in the bulb that produce GABA to inhibit mitral and tufted cells

Periglomerularcells & Granule cells

Located anterior to the hypothalamus concerned with .Primitive responses to olfaction, such as licking the lips, salivation caused by the smell of food emotional associated with smell.

The medial olfactory area

Area associated with Learning to like or dislike certain foods & Behavioral responses to food nausea and vomiting

Prepyriform and pyriform cortex + cortical portion of the amygdaloid nuclei

Responsible for the conscious perception of olfaction i.e. analysis, interpretation and significance of the odour

The dorsomedial thalamic nucleusand that project to the orbitofrontal cortex

Provides important olfactory information about odorants particularly pheromones, a substance that controls reproductive behaviourand

Vomero nasal organ