Pharmacology - Details

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The driving force for passive absorption of a drug is the:

Concentration gradient across a membrane separating body compartment

Physical factors influencing absorption:

Total surface area available for absorption

Clinical effectiveness often depends on:

Minimum serum drug concentration

Process by which drugs find their way into the urine,

Active tubular secretion

A drug which has no effect enhances the effect of a second drug:

Potentiation

Parameters used to evaluate time-response relationship,

Onset of action

Clinical effectiveness often depends on:

Minimum serum drug concentration

When the dose of the drug is gradually increased and the first noticeable effect is observed, the dose that produces this effect is called:

Threshold dose

Regulates and directs sensory impulses traveling to the cortex:

Thalamus

Inhaled anesthetics are relatively insoluble in blood and brain are eliminated at faster rate than the more soluble anesthetics:

True

Coordinate body movement and posture to help maintain body equilibrium:

Cerebellum

Treatment of neuroses:

Psychotherapy

Used in treating complex partial seizure:

Carbamazepine & Phenytoin

Generalized tonic-clonic drug:

Phenytoin

The most important criterion in determining whether surgical anesthesia has been achieved is:

Absence of eye motion

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the action of drug on functions of the body:

Pharmacodynamics

Drug of choice in the treatment of status epiliptecus:

Diazepam

An anti-platelet drug:

Dipyridamole

The branch of pharmacology that deals with disposition and fate of drug is:

Pharmacokinetics

Causes mydriasis by blocking the parasympathetic impulses to the sphincter muscle of the iris:

Atropine

Drug of choice for Tularemia:

Streptomycin

The following conditions are prone to thrombus formation

Varicose vein

Can improve the CO of CHF patient:

Dobutamine

Effective for the management of chronic gouty arthritis:

Allopurinol

Decrease the probability of second Myocardial Infarction

Aspirin

Inhibits warfarin metabolism and causes potentiation of anticoagulant:

Cimetidine

Histamine H1 receptor blockers are useful in the treatment of:

Rhinitis & urticaria

It is the treatment of choice for influenza infection:

Amantadine

It can lead to discoloration of teeth if given to children:

Tetracylcine

Which of the ff. agents shows cytotoxicity that is cell cycle specific?

Bleomycin

During times of stress, the adrenal gland releases ___ into the blood.

Epinephrine &adrenaline

Acetylcholine transmits all parasympathetic signals to end organs by binding to:

Muscarinic receptors

Increase calcium influx into myocardial cells during heart failure:

Digoxin

Draw water into the urine, without interfering with ion secretion or absorption in the kidney:

Osmotic diuretics

Arrhythmia occurs because one or more regions of the heart is/are:

Breathing too fast or too slow

Clinically useful agents which enhance neurotransmission include the following

Drugs which prevent transmitter degradation

Responsible for reducing the release of NorEpinephrine from sympathetic nerves:

Alpha 2 postsynaptic adrenergic receptor

Produces competitive antagonism of catecholamine by blockade of alpha 1 receptors:

Phentolamine

This may occur when the electrical conduction pathways malfunction:

Arrhythmias

Placebo may be given:

To patients with mild psychological disorders who attribute their symptoms to physical disease

A branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of doses:

Posology

It refers to the fate of the drug during its sojourn through the body:

Pharmacokinetics

Drugs administered by inhalation are absorbed in the:

Lungs

Weak acids are reabsorbed into the bloodstream when:

The urinary pH is low

All of the following are catecholamines,

Norepinephrine

Which of the following is an inhibitory amino acid?

GABA

The following situations give rise to excitatory postsynaptic potential

Depolarization of the membrane

The response characterized by increasing magnitude with greater concentration of unbound drug at the receptor site:

Graded dose response

It refers to the relative concentration required to produce a given magnitude of effect:

Potency

Interaction of two drugs whose opposing actions in the body tend to cancel each other’s effect:

Physiological antagonism

The period from the drug administration to the first visible effect is:

Onset of action

Parkinson’s disease is due to:

Excessive cholinergic activity

When MAOi is taken with tyramine containing food it can result to serious consequences such as:

Hypertensive crisis & cerebral stroke

Meclizine is used to prevent nausea and vomiting due to:

Vertigo & motion sickness

Antipsychotic agents reduce hallucinations and agitation by:

Blocking the reuptake of NE and SE

Antihistamines can be used clinically as:

Antiemetic

A drug used to treat chronic alcoholism:

Disulfiram

The following are pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines,

Reduction of anxiety

Alcohol can produce the following peripheral effects,

Diuresis

All of the ff. statements about the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics are correct,

If therapy is stopped, tardive dyskinesia occurs

Pharmacological effects brought about by dopamine receptor blockade,

Development of parkinsonian signs

Which of the ff. statements is CORRECT about Loperamide?

It is used to control diarrhea

Which of the ff. statements is NOT TRUE about paracetamol?

Associated with Reye’s syndrome in children

A dissociative anesthetic agent:

Ketamine

A drug useful in febrile seizure:

Phenobarbital

A drug that reverses the effects of morphine and heroin by competitively blocking the opioid receptors:

Naloxone

It refers to a change of one or more of the pharmacokinetic processes with increasing dose size:

Dose dependency

Cleaning out of stomach by repeated infusion of water using rubber tube:

Gastric lavage

The process with the slowest rate constant in a system of simultaneous kinetic processes:

Rate limiting step

The measured preparation devised to make possible the administration of medications in prescribed or measured amounts:

Dosage form

The sum of all body regions in which the drug concentration is an instantaneous equilibrium with that in blood or plasma:

Central compartment

Loss of drug from the central compartment due to transfer to another compartment:

Disposition

The extent of protein binding is determined in vitro by the ff. mechanisms,

Ultra centrifugation

A phase I biotransformation reaction,

Sulfoxidation

A phase II biotransformation,

Methylation

Non-irritating to the larynx and produces bronchiolar dilation:

Halothane

Commonly used spinal anesthetic that is 10 times more potent than procaine:

Tetracaine

Which of the ff. effects is associated with benzodiazepines?

Paradoxical excitement

Is a potent ultra short-acting non barbiturate hypnotic agent without analgesic properties:

Diazepam

It is an important autonomic nervous system center wherein it plays a role in the regulation of body temperature water balance, and metabolism:

Hypothalamus

It triggers the ovulation of an egg from the female ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to be converted to a corpus luteum:

Luteinizing hormone

The standard of comparison for potency of general anesthetic agent is:

Minimum alveolar concentration

Benzodiazepines are used therapeutically which of the following indications?

Panic disorder

Which of the following effects is produced by morphine,

Vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels

Benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in that benzodiazepines:

Have a higher margin of safety than barbiturates

Classified as an amide-type local anesthetic,

Lidocaine

This drug has both local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties:

Lidocaine

This drug produces rapid analgesia and amnesia while maintaining laryngeal reflexes:

Dissociative anesthesia

Contraindicated to patients with seizure disorders:

Cocaine

Leukopenia has been reported with chronic abuse of ____.

Nitrous oxide

This drug produces tolerance, abuse, hyperyrexia and anorexia:

Cocaine

Postulates that the local anesthetic displaces Ca++ from a site near the Na+ channel and blocks the adjacent Na+ channel:

Specific receptor theory

The most serious adverse effect of local anesthetics:

Seizures

The agent which has a parasympathetic effect that can cause bradycardia and hypotension:

Fentanyl

Which of the ff. agents may be considered the drug of choice for the treatment of absence seizures?

Ethosuximide

Softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D either from a poor diet or lack of sunshine or both:

Osteomalacia

A stage of anesthesia where there is loss of consciousness and is characterized by irregular respiration and involuntary activity:

Delirium

If a drug stimulates its own metabolism, the phenomenon is called:

Auto-induction

The protein binding of a drug is defined by:

The affinity constant

Which of the ff. agents is the primary drug for treatment of major motor seizures and partial seizures?

Carbamazepine

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