Physiology
Class at the National Academy of Osteopathy
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90 questions
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| It is the arrangement of neurons through which the reflex is carried out | The Spinal Reflex Pathway is...? |
| 1) Afferent (sensory) neuron. 2) An interneuron (may be absent). 3) nerve center (cell body of the efferent neuron). 4) Efferent (motor) neuron. | What 3 neurons, + 1 cell body,make up a reflex arc? |
| An acquired reflex. | What is a "Conditioned Reflex"? |
| It is in-born. | What is an "Unconditioned Reflex"? |
| - Spinal (Sub-types: Superficial, deep, visceral) - Medullary (heart, respiratory, organs) - Mid-Brain (reactions to visual stimulation, "righting" balance) - Hypothalamic (Hunger, thirst, body temperature) | Unconditioned reflexes are classified according to the center of the reflex (4 centers): |
| Unconditioned -> Conditioning -> Conditioned Response | Conditioning process steps: (3 parts) |
| Nerve type that controls: Planter reflex. Flexion withdrawal reflex. Crossed extensor reflex. Abdominal reflex. Nerves located on the skin, cornea and conjunctiva | The Superficial Spinal nerve receptor sub-type controls what? Where are they located? |
| 2) Deep: Receptor are present in deep structures (skeletal muscle, tendons, ……). - Examples: Stretch reflex. | The Deep Spinal nerve receptor sub-type controls what reflex? Where are they located? |
| Spinal receptor type: Stretch reflex Their receptor are present in deep structures (skeletal muscle, tendons) | The Deep nerve receptor sub-type controls what reflex? Where are they located? |
| Micturition reflex. Defecation reflex. Erection reflex. Located on visceral tissues, inside the body. | The Visceral nerve receptor sub-type controls what? Where are they located? |
| Scratch of the sole of the foot along its lateral margin, from the heal toward the toes will result in: a) Babinsky Sign, b) normal sign | Scratch of the sole of the foot along its lateral margin, from the heal toward the toes will result in: 1) In normal subjects , the response consists of plantar _______ of all the toes . |
| What is the Babinski Sign? | _________ is an abnormal response of the plantar reflex, named after the Polish physician. It consists of dorsiflexion of the big toe and separation (or fanning out) of the other four toes |
| Upper motor neurons | _________ whose cell bodies lie in the higher motor centers in the BRAIN AND BRAIN STEM, and their axons constitute the descending motor pathways. |
| Lower motor neurons | _________________ whose cell bodies lie in the SPINAL VENTRAL HORNS or the corresponding cranial motor nuclei , and include both ALPHA-and GAMMA-MNs . Axons of the lower motor neurons proceed through the peripheral somatic nerves to innervate skeletal muscles |
| Pecentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, and corresponds to Brodmann’s area 4 | The Primary Motor Area's Location |
| Somatotopic | The Primary Motor Area in the brain is organized in a __________ manner with the feet at the upper medial region of the gyrus and the face at the lower lateral region. |
| So, muscles of hands and tongue occupies 50% of this area because of their.... | Area of representation is proportional with the COMPLEXITY of function done by the muscle. So what part of the body would require the most "CPU power". |
| Sensory feed-back input from the muscle and joint proprioceptors to provide information about the actual motor performance | Thalamus & Somatic Sensory Area (Afferent) |
| Of the same side providing higher control of its activity. | The premotor & supplemental motor (Afferent) |
| Regulate and coordinate its motor activity. | The basal ganglia & cerebellum (Afferent) |
| Providing it with information about the spatial relations of the body to the external environment | The visual & auditory cortices |
| Coordinating bilateral motor activities performed by both sides of the body | 6) The motor areas of the opposite hemisphere |
| 1) discharges the descending motor commands that produce voluntary movements. It controls mainly the distal muscles. 2) facilitatory to the tone of distal muscles, particularly flexor muscles. | Primary Motor Area's Purpose in Movement: (2 answers) |
| #6 | Premotor Area Location: |
| #4 | Primary Motor Area Location |
| - With the Cerebellum - With the Basal Ganglia - Contributes to cortico-bulbo-spinal tract. | Premotor Area Neural Area connects with the Primary & supplemental motor areas: (3) |
| #4 (specifically above #6) | Supplimental Motor Area |
| I) It has connections with the primary motor and premotor areas. ii) It has connections with basal ganglia and cerebellum. iii) It contributes to the Cerebral Spinal tract. | Supplimental Motor Area Neural Connections (3) |
| Cerebellar peduncles | The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem by three pairs of tracts called the _____________ which consist of numerous pathways connecting the cerebellum with several other centers in the nervous system. |
| “hemispheres," “vermis” | The body of the cerebellum is divided into two ___________ connected at the midline by the ________. |
| (i) The anterior lobe , (ii) The posterior lobe , and (iii) the flocculonodular lobe. | Two of these fissures ; the primary fissure and the posterolateral fissure, are deeper than others , dividing the cerebellum into 3 anatomical lobes : |
| The vermal zone, The intermediate (or paravermal) zone, The lateral zone | The cerebellum is functionally divided into longitudinal functional zones (3) |
| Vermal Zone | ___________ which occupies the vermis and is the most medial part of the cerebellar cortex |
| The intermediate (or paravermal) zone | ______________ of the cerebellar hemisphere, lying on each side of the vermis, occupying the medial regions of the cerebellar hemispheres. |
| The Lateral Zone | ________________ of the cerebellar hemisphere, lying just lateral to the intermediate zone. In humans this region occupies the greater portion of the cerebellar hemisphere. |
| (i) The vestibulocerebellum. (ii) The spinocerebellum. (iii) The cerebrocerebellum. | The different regions of the cerebellum are functionally organized into three major divisions: |
| The Medial System and the Lateral System | An alternative classification of the descending motor tracts is based on the sites of termination of these tracts in the spinal cord defines the two areas as: |
| composed of tracts which terminate primarily on the ventromedial neurons. innervate the trunk (axial) muscles and the proximal (girdle) muscles of the limbs more concerned with postural control | The Medial System: where does it terminate, what does it innervate and what does it mainly control? |
| composed of tracts which terminate primarily on the dorsolateral neurons (or their associated interneurons) innervate the distal muscles of the limbs. more concerned with controlling fine voluntary movements of the extremities. | The Medial System: where does it terminate, what does it innervate and what does it mainly control? |
| 1) the corticobulbospinal tract, (= Pyramidal tract, others are Extrapyramidal) 2) the vestibulospinal tracts, 3) the rubrospinal tract, 4) the reticulospinal tracts,and 5) the tectospinal tract. | There are five important sets of descending motor tracts, named according to the origin of their cell bodies and their final destination: |
| The Vestibulocerebellum region of the cerebellum is composed of the | Flocculonodular lobe |
| “vestibulocerebellum” gets it's name from.... | This brain area has a close functional relationship with the vestibular system; so it has been named the |
| Most of the sensory information reaching these regions of the cerebellum arrives from the spinal cord, thus they have been named the... | “spinocerebellum” |
| The “dorsal spinocerebellar tract” (DSCT)provide the cerebellum with sensory signals from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and cutaneous touch and pressure receptors. These signals inform the cerebellum about the present state of......? | These tracts provide the cerebellum with sensory signals from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and cutaneous touch and pressure receptors. These signals inform the cerebellum about the present state of muscle contraction, position of the body, and movements of its different parts. |
| What are two ways that the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts differ? | 1) The Ventral spinocerebellar tract only deals with the golgi tendon organs (not spindles) 2) The VSCT double crosses into the OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY, in the spinal tract and in the cerebellum. |
| Together with internal models, _________ can serve to enable the brain to predict the effects of an action. | Efference copies |
| What is the purpose of the "somatic system". | The ______ ______ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information both to and from the central nervous system (CNS). |
| The gray matter of the thalamus is divided internally by laminae of white matter into many separate nuclei. The thalamic nuclei are functionally divided into two groups: | Specific and non-specific. |
| The 3 Specific nuclei groups are what? i.e. receive well defined afferents and project to specific areas in the cerebral cortex and they include: | - Anterior nuclei. - Medial nuclei. - Lateral nuclei (dorsal lateral + ventral lateral). |
| The 3 Non-specific nuclei groups are each named what? i.e. receive input mainly from Reticular Activating System (RAS), and project diffusely to all parts of the neocortex and they include: | Intraliminar Nuclei Midline Nuclei Reticular Nuclei |
| What are the 4 general functions of the Thalamus? | Sensory functions, Motor Functions Integral Functions Arousal Functions (wakefulness) |
| Why is the Thalamus considered a "relay station". | Because sensory information goes to the Thalumus before being relayed to the proper part of the brain. i.e.) optic information coming from the optic fibers going to the thalamus, before going to the visual cortex for processing. |
| What are the three sensory functions of the Thalamus? | - Relay Station - Gating (keeping) of the ascending sensory information ("population control" to prevent sensory over-stimulation) - Sensory center (reacts to skin touch reception - responsive only to strong rather crude stimuli, like heat, cold and pain) |
| What are 2 of the 4 primary jobs of the limbic system? | Emotions (feelings and responsive actions) Motivation (to achieve a certain goal) Learning Memory |
| What does the "Association and Integral Function" job of the Thalamus actually mean in terms of the Thalum's job? What is this function? | This function is the integrating of visceral and somatic responses caused via emotional response to a stimulus. It also helps file and decode memories (makes sense because strong memories often have emotional connections). i.e. the common figurative sayings of having "butterflies in your stomach" or "feeling your stomach drop". |
| True or false: the "arousal" function of the Thalamus is in regards to sexual arousal. | False. It regards "wakefulness". |
| Role of limbic system in motivation and emotional behavior: The limbic system regulates patterns of behavior related to the 4 following physiological functions: | Control of the feeding behaviour: Fear and rage reactions Sexual behavior and (desire for) reproduction: Punishment and reward response (Role (importance) of reward and) punishment in memory & learning Olfaction (differentiation smells, and their connection to memory, too) |
| A closed circuit called ______ circuit connects the thalamus and hypothalamus with the limbic system | Papez |
| A closed circuit called Papez circuit connects the thalamus and hypothalamus with the ______ _______. | Limbic system |
| Connection of ______ ______ with the ________ enables the neocortex to modify the emotional behavior. | Limbic system, neocortex |
| Connection of limbic system with the neocortex enables the neocortex to modify the ______ _______. | Emotional behavior |
| Fill in the blanks | 1. Cingulate Gyrus, 2.Hippocampus |
| Fill in the blanks | 1. Mamillary Bodies, 2. Anterior Thalmic Nuclei |
| Limbic system is primarily concerned with emotions, motivation, and emotional behavior and plays an essential role in _______ and ________ | Learning, Memory |
| Emotions are complex feeling states having two components: | Sensory Component, and Behaviour/Physical Component |
| Regarding Feeding behaviours, this is one of the functions of the amygdaloid nuclei | Recognizing edible food and chewing motions |
| Many limbic centers especially the amygdala, evoke protective | Emotional Reactions |
| There are 2 mechanisms in the hypothalamus and limbic systems -emotional state is determined by the balance between the two systems. What are the two systems? | Reward System, Punishment System |
| What happens if and event causes NEITHER a reward nor punishment experience? | It is not registered to long-term memory; the event cannot be easily remembered |
| True or false: Olfaction in the limbic system is only about the stimulus of smell receptors, and a different system is in charge of discerning and remembering smells. | False. The limbic system is concerned with perception and discrimination of different odours. It stores the olfactory memories and controls the emotional responses to olfactory stimuli. |