Physiology
Class at the National Academy of Osteopathy
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85 questions
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| Upper motor neurons | A neuron that extends from the cerebral cortex or brainstem to synapse with a lower motor neuron (usually in the spinal cord). |
| Lower motor neurons | Is a multipolar neuron which connects the upper motor neurone (UMN) to the skeletal muscle it innervates. |
| See image. | Label the image |
| Contralateral and Inverted. | The representation of the body parts of the body, on the brain are ______________ However, several facial muscles are represented bilaterally |
| Somatotopic | The body representation of motor neurons are organized in a _____________ manner with the feet at the upper medial region of the gyrus and the face at the lower lateral region |
| The "complexity of function" done by the "muscle". So, muscles of hands and tongue occupies 50% of this area | Area of representation of the motor neurons in the brain is proportional to ________ __ _______ done by the ______________? |
| Sensory feed-back input from the muscle and joint proprioceptors to provide information about the actual motor performance | Thalamus &Somatic Sensory Area |
| Neural connections of the same side providing higher control of it's muscle's activity | The premotor & supplemental motor |
| Planning and programming of motor actions, and coordination and regulation of movements. | The basal ganglia & cerebellum |
| Providing it with information about the spatial relations of the body to the external environment. | The visual & auditory cortices |
| This area determins the appropriate course of motor action suitable with the surrounding environment | The prefrontal area |
| Coordinating bilateral motor activities performed by both sides of the body . | The motor areas of the opposite hemisphere |
| - They discharge the descending motor commands that produce voluntary movements. - Control the tone of distal muscles. | What is the over all goal of motor-neural connections (2) |
| Primary Motor Area | The premotor area lies immediately anterior to the lateral regions of WHICH AREA? |
| Premotor Area | What area occupies a large portion of area 6, and is bounded superiorly ^ by the supplemental motor area. |
| Broca's Area (Speech) VOLUNTARY Eye Movements COMPLIMENTARY head turn towards visual focus Exner's Area (Hand Skills) | What are some highly specialized areas found in the Premotor Area? |
| 1. Complex movements which often involve both sides of the body e.g.: causing both hands to perform a motor act together 2. Asissts the Premotor Area in programing complex movements | What is the Supplimental Motor Area in charge of? |
| It is involuntary response of an organ to a stimulus. This is what? | "Define Reflexes." |
| Aquired Reflexes are called...? | What type of reflexes are "Contitioned Reflexes"? |
| Inborn Reflexes are called...? | What are "Unconditioned Reflexes"? |
| Cariovascular, Digestive, and Respiratory Reflexes are controlled in what part of the brain? | What are the 3 medulary inborn reflex categories? |
| Visual and Postural reflexes are controlled where? | What are the 2 categories of inborn reflexes? |
| Hunger, Thirst and Body Temperature reflexes are controlled where? | What are the 3 categories of inborn reflexes? |
| False. An unconditioned response can become conditioned. | An unconditioned response cannot become a conditioned response, no matter what. True or False? |
| The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between. This is called what? | Define "Reflex Arc". |
| Deep, Visceral, Superficial. | Where are the 3 kinds of spinal receptors found? |
| Planter reflex, Flexion withdrawal reflex, Crossed extensor reflex, Abdominal reflex. These are examples of what kind of spinal reflex? | Name 1 superficial spinal reflex. |
| Stretch reflex is an example of what kind of spinal reflex? | Name 1 deep spinal reflex. |
| Micturition reflex, Defecation reflex, Erection reflex are examples of what kind of spinal reflex? | Name 1 visceral spinal reflex. |
| #2 | Which one of the two images is the correct reflex for an adult to have? |
| #1, Babies. | Which image is showing a positive Babinski Sign? Who should have this response: adults or babies? |
| The reciprocal connection between the D.M. nucleus of the thalamus and prefrontal areas may play a role in the coding, storing and recalling of memory. | Medial Dorsal Nucleus |
| There are two groups of nuclei in the thalamus. One is First Order Nuclei, what is the other? | Higher Order Nuclei |
| There are two groups of nuclei in the thalamus. One is Higher Order Nuclei, what is the other? | First Order Nuclei |
| There is a Thalamus in each ________ __________ of the brain. | Cerebral Hemisphere |
| The ___________ Nucleus is thought to be mainly linked to emotional behaviour AND memory. | Dorsomedial |
| The _______ ________ Nucleus and ____________ Nucleus are thought to be mainly involved with motor functions. | Ventral Anterior and Ventromedial |
| The VPL and VPM nuclei are thought to be linked to input from the body and head, respectively. What does VPL and VPM stand for? | Ventral Posterolateral and Ventral Posteromedial |
| Ventral Posterolateral (VPL) and Ventral Posteromedial (VPM) are two nuclei in the Thalamus. Which of them is concerned with somatosensory input from the body? | The VPL nucleus is concerned with somatosensory input from the body |
| Ventral Posterolateral (VPL) and Ventral Posteromedial (VPM) are two nuclei in the Thalamus. Which of them is concerned with somatosensory input from the head? | The VPM nucleus is concerned with somatosensory input from the head (including face and taste). |
| What is the somatosensory (somatic sensory) function? | Somatosensory function is the ability to interpret bodily sensation. (Sensation takes a number of forms, including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, itch, tickle, and pain.) |
| The Lateral Posterior Nucleus integrates sensory input and links it with _______ functions. | Cognitive |
| The reticular nucleus does what? | Serves as a sheath to the thalamus. |
| The thalamic nuclei are functionally divided into two groups, which are ______ and ___-_____ | Specific and Non-Specific |
| Specific nuclei receive well defined afferents and project to specific areas in the cerebral cortex and they include: | Anterior, Medial, Lateral |
| Non-specific nuclei receive input mainly from R.A.S, and project diffusely to all parts of the neocortex and they include: | Intralaminar nuclei, Midline Nuclei and Reticular Nuclei |
| Fill in the blanks | Anterior, Posterior |
| Fill in the blanks | Medial, Ventral |
| Fill in the blank | Lateral |
| The discrimination of many sensory impulses occurs in the thalamus. The sensations felt are: a) acute; specific, refined, indicative b) crude; unrefined, protopathic c) variations of (a) and (b) | B) "The discrimination of many sensory impulses occurs in the thalamus but the sensations felt are of crude protopathic nature (e.g: diffuse pain, crude touch & extremes of temperature change.)" |
| When does the Thalamus further gate inhibitory cortical feedback? | When the sensory input is very high and the sensory system is overloaded with sensory input. |
| The reciprocal connection between the D.M. nucleus of the thalamus and prefrontal areas may play a role in the coding, storing and recalling of memory. What is the DM? | Medial Dorsal Nucleus |
| The limbic system consist of those parts of the brain that are of great importance in | 1. Initiation of emotions. 2. Regulation of emotional behavior |
| The limbic system is interconnected group of cortical and subcortical nuclei within the brain. It includes both the ______ ______ and __________ _______ ________. | Limbic cortex and Subcortical limbic structures |
| The amygdala is mainly concerned with which emotion. | Fear, anger, anxiety |
| The Septal Nuclei is genially associated with what emotion? | Pleasure/reward |
| "The regulation and control of emotion, memory and bodily functions" best describes which: the Limbic System or the Thalamus? | The Limbic System |
| A closed circuit called _____ _______ connects the thalamus and hypothalamus with the limbic system | Papez circuit |
| Connection of limbic system with the neocortex enables the neocortex to modify the _______ ________. | Emotional behavior |
| Emotions: complex feeling states having two components: | Sensory and Behavioral (internal and external) |
| The role of the limbic system in motivation and emotional behavior has 3 main categories: | Feeding response, Fear and Rage, Sexual Behavior and Reproduction (puberty/hormonal cycle) |
| Bilateral damage of amygdale will cause what? | Hypersexuality |
| Removal of limbic cortex will cause what? | Loss of sexual attraction |
| Emotional state is determined by the pleasure-anxiety balance between what two brain systems/structures? | Limbic system and hypothalamus |
| If the stimulus causes neither reward nor punishment experience, what does that have to do with memory? | If the stimulus causes neither reward nor punishment experience can't be remembered easily i.e. no transformation into long-term memory and become hardly to be remembered. |