| A portion of the nephron that can lie within the medulla is the? | loop of Henle |
| A pregnant patient who has been experiencing repeated vomiting episodes is admitted to the hospital by her obstetrician. After a series of tests determines that she is suffering from metabolic alkalosis, the physician orders intravenous administration of normal saline. How will this help the patient? | The chloride ions of the solution will replace bicarbonate ions and relieve the bicarbonate excess responsible for her condition. |
| ADH has the greatest effect on the reabsorption of water in the | distal tubule |
| An intravenous addition of sodium can be used to treat: | hypernatremia |
| In acidosis, the renal tubule excretion of hydrogen ions: | Increases |
| In the body, nonvolatile acids, or fixed acids, are buffered mainly by | sodium bicarbonate. |
| Prolonged hyperpnea -with gas exchange- tends to: | produce alkalosis. |
| Reabsorption, as performed in the kidney, may be defined as the | movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood. |
| the major calyces of the kidney join together to form a large collection reservoir called | renal pelvis. |
| The normal pH range for blood is | 7.36 to 7.41 |
| Water will move by osmosis only in the presence of ADH in the | distal tubule and collecting duct. |
| What effect on the treatment of secondary hypertension would you expect from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drugs? | When secondary hypertension occurs, the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, which in turn results in angiotensin I and then angiotension II production and increased blood pressure, so giving ACE inhibitors may reduce the production of angiotensin II and lower the blood pressure. |
| What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid? | sodium |
| What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? | potassium |
| When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be: | intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma |
| Which blood vessel empties into the glomerulus? | Afferent arterioles |
| Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? | ADH & Aldosterone |
| Which of the following best describes secretion in the formation of urine? The movement of substances out of the: | blood into the tubule. |
| Which of the following is the formula representing the Starling law of capillaries? | (BHP + IFCOP) - (IFHP + BCOP) |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:1 |
| Which statement best explains the process of filtration in the nephron? | Filtration is the movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman capsule. |
| Why are metabolic and respiratory acidosis treated by the intravenous infusion of solutions containing sodium lactate? | The infused lactate ions are metabolized by the liver cells and converted to bicarbonate ions, which help restore the depleted bicarbonate reserves required to restore acid-base balance. |
| Describe location and quantity of the ureter | Ureter 2 - Tube running from each kidney to bladder
Urethra1 - located from the floor of the bladder to the exterior of the body |
| Describe location and quantity of the Kidney | 2 located in retroperitoneal position, on either side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3 |
| Describe location and quantity of the Bladder | 1 - located directly behind pubic symphysis, in front of rectum |
| Describe location and quantity of the Urethra | Urethra1 - located from the floor of the bladder to the exterior of the body |
| What is the function of the bladder and describe micturition and the micturition reflex? | Function - Storage and micturition
micturition - urinating
micturition reflex causes bladder contraction during voiding, through a neural pathway. |
| Define anions and cations. | Anions are negative ions that migrate to a positive electrode.
Cations are positive ions that migrate to a negative electrode. |
