| The function of this work was most likely to:
- serve as an aid in pregnancy
- server as a personal good luck talisman
- server as a decoration in a home
- serve a religious purpose | serve a religious purpose |
| What element of the form of the Ambum stone aided in determining its function:
- its small size
- its concave belly section
- its elongated snout
- its compact body | its concave belly section |
| What characteristics of this work identify it as exclusively Chinese?
- the medium, jade
- the lines incised into stone
- the hole in the center of the form
- the tube-like form with squared off corners | the tube-like form with squared off corners |
| Which of the following statements about this work is most accurate:
- it is a jade cong, a form often used in China to represent the heavens
- the writing on the bottom indicates it was used in Chinese coming-of-age ceremonies
- it is a jade bead originally worn as part of a necklace by the eldest woman in a Chinese family
- congs were used in Chinese marriage ceremonies | it is a jade cong, a form often used in China to represent the heavens |
| What formal qualities of this artwork help identify it as Lapita?
- the medium, and the repetition of shapes
- the geometric patterning and incising
- the location where the artwork was discovered
- the figural abstraction and clay medium | the geometric patterning and incising |
| What aspect of this work's form reflects pre-Columbian Mesoamerican religious beliefs?
- its curvy, large legs
- its two heads
- the understated hands and feet
- the stylized hair | its two heads |
| Why has the function of Stonehenge been interpreted in a variety of ways?
- Because of its arrangement of stones
- Because of the geological composition of the stones
- Because of the shape of the stones
- Because of the names the stones have been given | Because of its arrangement of stones |
| How did the location of prehistoric paintings affect the form of artworks such as this?
- Many prehistoric paintings are found deep inside caves in Europe, and were created with perishable materials
- Because prehistoric paintings were located where they would not often be seen, artists were not concerned with creating a sense of realism
- As the paintings were located far into the caves, the artists could not see well and thus the forms are disjointed
- Animal forms were often created in areas where the cave walls bulged outwards to create the illusion of depth | Animal forms were often created in areas where the cave walls bulged outwards to create the illusion of depth |
| These artworks are not from the required image set, but can be attributed to a specific culture due to their similarity to a required work. These sculptures come from:
- Tlatilco, Central Mexico
- Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea
- Lapita, Solomon Islands, Reef Islands
- Neolithic Europe, Wiltshire, United Kingdom | Tlatilco, Central Mexico |
| The arrangement of these stones indicates that the work was most likely intended to:
- serve as a burial ground
- act as a supporting structure under a building that was never completed
- function as a solar calendar to track the movements of the sun and moon and changing seasons
- be used as a sacrificial altar | function as a solar calendar to track the movements of the sun and moon and changing seasons |
| This work was created to fulfill what function?
- it was a fertility figure used to aid in pregnancies
- it was used in marriage ceremonies
- it was used in coming of age ceremonies
- it was used for unknown but probably religious purposes | it was used for unknown but probably religious purposes |
| Why have some historians concluded that the central figure in this artwork was a deity, rather than a human?
- because the figure wears a raffia skirt and bears scarification
- because the artwork portrays a female, not a male
- because the figure is naturalistic and shows animation
- because the figure has horns on her head | because the figure has horns on her head |
| How does the content of this cave painting differ from cave paintings found in Europe?
- It depicts a specific, rather than a symbolic, figure
- It depicts numerous humans
- It was created with different pigments
- It contains petroglyphs | It depicts numerous humans |
| How did the artist create a sense of movement on Bushel with Ibex Motifs?
- The bird forms at the top of the vessel
- the curved antlers of the ibex create a sense of movement
- the second band down, which depicts dog-like animals with outstretched legs, creates a sense of movement
- the repetition of geometric shapes in the bands leads the eye to look all over the vessel | the second band down, which depicts dog-like animals with outstretched legs, creates a sense of movement |
| Scholars believe that the work was used for which of the following purposes?
- As an offering made to accompany the deceased in burial
- For prophetic acts to divine the future and understand the past
- For elite religious rituals held in underground temples
- As a family portrait of powerful ruling siblings | As an offering made to accompany the deceased in burial |
| Figurines such as the one shown can be considered most similar in content to the
- Ambum Stone
- jade cong
- beaker with ibex motifs
- terra cotta fragment from Lapita | jade cong |
| The Apollo 11 stones may have functioned as
- part of a more complex cycle of cave painting
- an early form of portable art
- a grave marker for a successful hunter
- a foundation stone for a religious structure | an early form of portable art |
| Works such as the one shown have been discovered primarily in:
- wetlands, which were excavated as part of modern drainage efforts
- gravesites, where they were likely placed as part of funerary practices
- ancient settlements, which included henges for astronomical observations
- cave systems, which were centers for ritual activity during the Neolithic period | gravesites, where they were likely placed as part of funerary practices |
| The form of the anthropomorphic stele shown is best described as:
- veristic
- naturalistic
- idealized
- stylized | stylized |
| The physical properties of the Ambum Stone have led scholars to propose which of the following theories about the work?
- It must have been heavily used in its original context, because some areas of the work show significant wear from repeated grinding action.
- It most likely formed part of a larger sculptural program from a temple excavated nearby.
- It must have held special value for its owners, because creating it would have been extremely time consuming.
- It must have been transported via a long distance trade network, because the specific type of stone it was made from is not quarried locally. | It must have held special value for its owners, because creating it would have been extremely time consuming. |
| The culture that created the work can be characterized as:
- defined by social rank and a specialization of labor
- organized into an early farming community with domesticated animals
- composed of groups of mobile hunters and gatherers
- engaged in trade with small seafaring communities on other continents | composed of groups of mobile hunters and gatherers |
| The precise arrangement and orientation of the megaliths of Stonehenge suggest that the site was used for the:
- marking of the summer solstice
- performance of a ceremony dedicated to a lunar deity
- calculation of the positions of the planets
- commemoration of the creation of the Heavens | marking of the summer solstice |
| The anthropomorphic stele found near Ha’il, Saudi Arabia, is believed to have functioned as a:
- royal portrait, because it was found in the audience hall of a palace
- spice container, because it was found near a trade route
- votive offering, because it was found in an ancient temple
- grave marker, because it was found in a funerary context | grave marker, because it was found in a funerary context |
| Although many theories exist to explain the overlapping forms of the animals in the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux, some scholars have interpreted the repeated images as evidence of:
- physical challenges, because the artists were painting in total darkness before the invention of oil lamps
- funerary practices, since each animal appears to mark the grave of a different individual
- continuous narration, with the forms being repeated to show an ongoing sequence of events
- ritual activity, perhaps to ensure successful hunting of the animals depicted on the cave walls | ritual activity, perhaps to ensure successful hunting of the animals depicted on the cave walls |
| The megalithic structure shown uses a similar building technique to that of Stonehenge, in that the stones are:
- aligned with the Sun along a strict north-south axis
- securely fitted together using mortise-and-tenon joints
- cantilevered with projecting elements anchored on one side
- arranged with upright vertical elements supporting a horizontal element | arranged with upright vertical elements supporting a horizontal element |
| The ceramic figurine shown from Tlatilco, Central Mexico, is characterized by:
- a composite pose that shows multiple angles
- static gestures and an indifferent expression
- a lack of attention to the hands and feet
- molded patterns on the hair and skirt | a lack of attention to the hands and feet |
| Archaeological evidence from the site where the work was found has led scholars to suggest that the original audience lived in which of the following locations?
- On an extensive group of islands that were linked by a network of canals
- On a processional route to a royal burial complex
- In an ongoing settlement that included places with ritual significance
- Near a series of caves containing wall paintings of constellations and maps | In an ongoing settlement that included places with ritual significance |
| Some archaeologists have speculated that the Ambum Stone represented a totemic animal, while others suggest that the Ambum Stone was
- a tool used to grind or pound substances
- an effigy symbolizing a sacrificial victim
- an elaborate handle for a pitcher
- an object that was mounted on a staff and indicated social rank | a tool used to grind or pound substances |
| The form of the animal is represented using which of the following techniques?
- Composite pose to show the figure from multiple angles
- Foreshortening to create the illusion that the animal is in motion
- Overlapping extremities that convey a sense of spatial depth
- | Profile so that distinctive aspects of the animal are clearly recognizable |
| This work was found in which of the following contexts?
- embedded in the ruins of an ancient temple
- painted on the wall of a cave
- located in a rock shelter in the mountains
- buried with other grave goods | located in a rock shelter in the mountains |
| The artist who created the Neolithic rock painting shown from Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria, (same place our Running Horned Woman appears) most likely drew lines and dots on the bodies of the figures to:
- emphasize the three-dimensional shapes of the bodies
- suggest rapid movement of people in a dance
- represent physical ornamentation that was used in ritual contexts
- create patterns to assist in the recounting of creation stories | represent physical ornamentation that was used in ritual contexts |
| The creator of the work shown (NOT our required work, the Ambum Stone), which is from Neolithic Papua New Guinea, carved the top into an elongated, rounded shape most likely to suggest the:
- head and upper body of an animal, conforming to the shape of a handle
- upright posture of a standing human, reflecting the vertical form of a stele
- shape of a blossom whose stem forms a palette used for mixing pigments
- curved top of a threshing flail whose handle ends in a scepter | head and upper body of an animal, conforming to the shape of a handle |
| The form of the Tlatilco female figurine best expresses a concept of duality through the:
- asymmetrical arrangement of the two halves of the body
- naturalistic portrayal of human anatomy
- balance conveyed by long, outstretched arms with open hands
- inclusion of two connected heads on a single body | inclusion of two connected heads on a single body |
| While most scholars agree that the specific purpose of the work shown can no longer be determined, some have speculated that the artist chose to use
- movable parts so that the sculpture could be animated during ritual displays
- a hollow skull so that it could be attached to the exterior of a structure as a protective talisman
- a sacrum bone because it may have had a spiritual significance
- a rock in the shape of a canine head because the animal was linked to a particular deity | a sacrum bone because it may have had a spiritual significance |
| In the painting of the running horned woman from Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria, the impression of movement is conveyed primarily through the use of
- diagonal lines
- value contrast
- organic shapes
- radial balance | diagonal lines |
| Scholars have theorized which of the following about the stylized animals painted on the vessel?
- They represent the same animal-headed gods found during excavations at a nearby temple.
- They refer to hunting rituals linked to seasonal patterns of animal migration.
- They represent both the wild and the domesticated animals of an agricultural society.
- They reference mythic animals that are described in the culture’s epic literature. | They represent both the wild and the domesticated animals of an agricultural society. |
| The running horned woman from Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria, is presented using which of the following visual characteristics?
- The musculature is clearly defined.
- The figure is represented in composite pose.
- The facial features are unique and individualized.
- The figure is placed on a clear ground line. | The figure is represented in composite pose. |
| The image shows all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
- strong outlines
- a sense of vitality and movement
- atmospheric perspective
- a naturalistic approach to figure | atmospheric perspective |
| Although the function of Stonehenge has been debated by scholars, newer archaeological evidence suggests that it may have acted as:
- a center for pilgrimage and healing of the sick
- a platform for displaying important ancestral sculptures
- an early amphitheater for watching fights between warriors
- a royal estate for housing rulers and the elite | a center for pilgrimage and healing of the sick |
| Two commonly accepted interpretations of the paintings in the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux are that they depict images related to hunting and that they depict
- the symbolic representation of a battle against enemy forces
- maps of conquered territories with their distinctive features
- records of ancestral lineage written through the use of pictographs
- the connection between the mortal and the spiritual realms | the connection between the mortal and the spiritual realms |
| Although the cave paintings in the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux were originally interpreted as depictions of hunting scenes, they have more recently been interpreted as paintings intended to
- warn people about dangerous animals threatening villages
- document a series of animal-based rituals
- tell a mythic narrative of human origins
- portray scenes of animal domestication | document a series of animal-based rituals |
| The vessel shown was created using:
- painted terra cotta
- pigment on rock
- charcoal on stone
- porcelain with underglazing | painted terra cotta |
| The work was created using:
- hand-shaped clay and a sharp instrument to incise details
- standardized molds for uniform appearance and size
- found stones that seemed to suggest bodily forms
- early forging and casting techniques | hand-shaped clay and a sharp instrument to incise details |
| The artist from the Neolithic Lapita culture who created these terra cotta fragments decorated the surface of the ceramic by
- painting linear designs onto the finished pot with white tempera using a brush
- arranging tiny stone squares into angular patterns by pressing them into wet clay
- using a three-phase firing process to cause different surface areas to take on different colors
- applying a red slip made of diluted clay with added mineral pigment before firing | applying a red slip made of diluted clay with added mineral pigment before firing |
| The detail of the cave painting shown is visually similar to those found in the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux in that the:
- natural curves in the cave wall are used to produce atmospheric perspective
- limited color palette is intended to focus attention on the narrative
- animals are depicted in profile to convey their distinctive qualities
- forms are foreshortened to present a sense of animals in motion | animals are depicted in profile to convey their distinctive qualities |
| The detail of the cave painting shown is visually similar to those found in the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux in that the:
- natural curves in the cave wall are used to produce atmospheric perspective
- limited color palette is intended to focus attention on the narrative
- animals are depicted in profile to convey their distinctive qualities
- forms are foreshortened to present a sense of animals in motion | animals are depicted in profile to convey their distinctive qualities |
| The work shown from Susa, Iran, includes patterns that can best be described as:
- geometrical
- elongated
- organic
- naturalistic | geometrical |
| Paintings such as this are commonly dated to:
- 400 BCE
-5,000 BCE
-1200 CE
-15,000 BCE | 15,000 BCE |
| Scholars believe that the vessel was most likely used in a ritual context for which of the following reasons?
- It was deposited in a sacred well associated with a fertility goddess.
- It was found in the ruins of an ancestral shrine.
- It was discovered inside a cave, alongside votive figurines.
- It was buried in a cemetery, underneath an artificial mound. | It was buried in a cemetery, underneath an artificial mound. |
| Which of the following was one technique employed by Paleolithic artists at the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux to create the clear lines of the animals’ forms?
- Using leather cut into shapes and soaked in pigment to print forms onto the wall
- Using pens made from hollow animal bones filled with pigment to draw precise outlines
- Using fingers dipped in fat from oil lamps to create wax contour lines
- Using hands as stencils while blowing pigments to spray a surface | Using hands as stencils while blowing pigments to spray a surface |
| The work was created by manipulating which of the following materials?
- A difficult-to-carve mineral called jade, formed using precise sanding techniques
- The bone of an animal considered to be a totemic species
- Red terra cotta clay excavated from a sacred site
- A hard sedimentary stone known as greywacke, shaped with stone tools | A difficult-to-carve mineral called jade, formed using precise sanding techniques |
| Which of the following aspects of the Fan Shan jade cong from Liangzhu, China, most strongly suggest its use as an object of ritual?
- The reductive simplicity of its decoration
- The shape of the cong and iconography of its carving
- The scale of the cong and preciousness of its materials
- The highly skilled method of its construction | The shape of the cong and iconography of its carving |
| Stonehenge was initially created by a Neolithic culture that can best be described as:
- a society of early farmers who lived in nearby agricultural settlements
- a stratified society arranged around administrative centers inhabited by the elite
- a society of loosely connected groups of migratory hunter-gatherers
- an urbanized society concentrated in fortified towns along an important trade route | a society of early farmers who lived in nearby agricultural settlements |
| The basic form of the camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine from prehistoric Mexico was most likely determined by the
- influence of imagery found in other examples of ancient Mesoamerican art
- desired function of the object as a ceremonial headdress
- natural shape of the animal bone into which it was carved
- sacred status given to canine animals in ancient Mesoamerica | natural shape of the animal bone into which it was carved |
| Most scholars believe that the bluestones used during the early construction phases at Stonehenge were:
- taken through conquest to mark the graves of important military leaders, in an early example of spolia
- transported with difficulty from a distant site, showing an ancestral connection to that region
- excavated from nearby quarries by the local population, demonstrating technical skill
- acquired from nomadic peoples, providing evidence about prehistoric trading networks | transported with difficulty from a distant site, showing an ancestral connection to that region |
| The vessel was made between
- 2500 and 1600 B.C.E.
- 4200 and 3500 B.C.E.
- 3300 and 2200 B.C.E.
- 6000 and 4000 B.C.E. | 4200 and 3500 B.C.E. |
| The form of the animal is represented using which of the following techniques?
- Overlapping extremities that convey a sense of spatial depth
- Profile so that distinctive aspects of the animal are clearly recognizable
- Foreshortening to create the illusion that the animal is in motion
- Composite pose to show the figure from multiple angles | Profile so that distinctive aspects of the animal are clearly recognizable |
| In the Tlatilco figurine shown, the artist created an effect of stylization through which of the following visual characteristics?
- Exaggerated proportions that place an emphasis on truncated arms and expansive hips
- Hierarchical scale to demonstrate the central importance of the figure
- Monochromatic coloration to give a smooth, even tone to the work
- A static pose to create a sense of balance and harmony | Exaggerated proportions that place an emphasis on truncated arms and expansive hips |
| While the exact function and meaning of such works remain unknown, scholars have theorized that they were intended to facilitate a connection between the physical and spiritual worlds because of the:
- interlocking square and cylindrical forms, which are believed to symbolize different realms
- open cavity in the center, which likely served as a place to hold ritual offerings
- dragon motifs, since dragons were believed to be messengers from the gods
- finely incised lines, which may have helped individuals to identify and interpret constellations in the night sky | interlocking square and cylindrical forms, which are believed to symbolize different realms |
| Archaeological evidence indicates that the superimposed animal forms in the Great Hall of the Bulls at Lascaux represent:
- the artist’s use of atmospheric perspective
- humans’ domestication of herds of local fauna
- different artists’ depictions over time
- a narrative about mythological creatures | different artists’ depictions over time |
| The detail shown of a painting from the Chauvet–Pont d’Arc Cave demonstrates an early interest in naturalism through which of the following visual characteristics?
- The stylized patterning, which is used to evoke the animals’ distinctive characteristics
- The staggered arrangement of the animals, so that some animals are placed behind others
- The inclusion of heavy outlines to define the full form of each animal
- The presentation of the animals using twisted perspective | The inclusion of heavy outlines to define the full form of each animal |
| The pattern of a human face on the terra cotta fragment from Lapita was most likely created using which of the following methods?
- Molding
- Coiling
- Pinching
- Incising | Incising |
