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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
The most common type of fusion anomaly. Both kidneys are malrotated, and their lower poles are joined by a band of normal renal parenchyma or connective tissue.	Horseshoe Kidney
A cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder. usually with stenosis of the ureteral orifice and varying degrees of dilation of the proximal ureter.	Ureterocele
Thin transverse membranes found almost exclusive in males, that cause bladder outlet obstruction and can lead to hydronephrosis , hydroureter, and renal damage.	Posterior Urethral Valves
Inflammatory process involving the tufts of capillaries (Glomeruli). An antigen-antibody reaction that most commonly occurs several weeks after an acute upper respiratory or middle ear infection.	Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria. Affects the interstitial tissue between tubules.	Pyelonephritis
A severe form of acute parenchymal and perirenal infection with gas-forming bacteria; Mostly in diabetic patients and causes necrosis.	Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
May lead to the development of small granulomas scattered in the cortical portion of the kidneys.	Tuberculosis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder is more common in women because the urethra is shorter. The major cause is inadvertent spread of bacteria present in fecal material.	Cystitis
Most commonly formed in the kidney. They are asymptomatic until they lodge in the ureter and cause partial obstruction; resulting in extreme pain that radiates from the area of the kidney to the groin.	Urinary calculi
Stone that completely fills the renal pelvis	Staghorn Calculus
Calcium deposited within the renal parenchyma	Nephrocalcinosis
The most common unifocal masses of the kidney. Fluid filled and usually unilocular although septa sometimes divide the cyst into chambers	Renal Cyst
inherited disorder in which multiple cysts of varying size cause lobulated enlargement of the kidneys and progressive renal impairment. Most patients with this are hypertensive.	Polycystic kidney disease.
The most common renal neoplasm, ocurring predominantly in patients older than 40 years and often with painless hematuria	Hypernephroma
The most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood.	Wilms Tumor
The second most common malignancy in children, a tumor of adrenal medullary origin.	Neuroblastoma
Carcinoma originating in the epithelium. Usually seen in men older than 50 years and 4th most common cancer in men.	Carcinoma of the bladder
Occurs most frequently in children who are severely dehydrated. In adults it means complication of other renal diseases.	Renal vein thrombosis
A rapid deterioration in kidney function that is sufficient to result in the accumulation of nitrogen containing wastes in the blood, characteristic fishy odor.	Acute renal failure
This kidney disfunction may reflect prerenal, posternal, or intrinsic kidney disease.	Chronic renal failure.
A failure to clear nitrogen-containing wastes adequately from the circulation leads to the accumulation of excessive blood levels of ureal and creatinine in the blood.	Uremia