| causes SEIZURES and
STUPOR in some preterm infants | Propylene glycol |
| cause gasping
syndrome characterized by a
deterioration of multiple organ
systems and eventually death | Benzyl alcohol |
| For the elderly,
1 Some medications depresses the
central nervous system such as __
2 causes the patient to get violently ill | .
1 metronidazole
2 antabuse |
| Ways to minimize stability problems | • air-tight, light-resistant container
• stored in the refrigerator by the patient
• Suspension> the patient should be
instructed to shake well prior to use
• Watch for any color change/
consistency change that might
indicate a stability problem |
| Packaging and Storage of Suspensions | • Adequate airspace above the liquid
to permit adequate shaking.
• Should be provided in wide mouth
containers to permit the prompt and
ease of removal of the suspension.
• Store in tight containers protected
from freezing, excessive heat and
light.
• Suspensions should be shaken
before use. |
| Dry Powders for Oral Suspension (COMPONENTS): | • 1. Antibiotic
• 2. Colorant (FD and C dyes)
• 3. Flavorants
• 4. Sweeteners - SUCROSE or SODIUM SACCHARIN
• 5. Stabilizing agents - citric acid and sodium citrate
• 6. Suspending agents - guar gum, xanthan gum,
methylcellulose
• 7. Preserving agents - methylparaben, sodium
benzoate |
| Is a dispersion in which the
dispersed phase is composed of
small globules of a liquid distributed
throughout a vehicle in which it is
immiscible. | Emulsions |
| The word emulsion, came from
__ | emulgio, meaning “to milk out”. |
| IN EMULSIONS,
1 The dispersed phase is referred to
as the __
2 The dispersion medium as the __ | .
1 Internal phase
2 External or Continuous phase |
| Emulsions having an Oleaginous
internal phase and Aqueous external
phase are referred to as | oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions |
| Emulsions having an Aqueous internal
phase and an oleaginous external
phase are termed | water-in- oil (w/o)
emulsions. |
| Unless __ is present,
the dispersion is unstable, and the globules
undergo coalescence to form two
separate layers of water and oil | emulsifying agent |
| 1 frequently consists of
fixed oil or volatile and drugs that
exist as oil, such as oil-soluble
vitamins and antiseptic
2 It is necessary to add __ to
prevent autoxidation of the oil and
rancidity/and or destruction of any
vitamin present. | 1 oil phase
2 antioxidant |
| 1 Purpose of Emulsification (Pharmaceutically )
2 Purpose of Emulsification (THERAPEUTICALLY) | 1
a. The pharmacist can prepare relatively stable and homogenous mixture of 2 immiscible liquids
b. Emulsification can permit the administration of liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than
in bulk
2
a. Beneficial to the rate and degree of absorption of the drug after administration by any of the usual route
b. O/W emulsions may also be useful as vehicle to develop the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs |
| 1 For orally administered emulsion the __ type permits the palatable administration of distasteful oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored vehicle.
2 __ may render the oil more
digestible and more readily absorbed
and therefore more effective | 1) O/W (oil in water)
2 The reduced particle size of the oil globules |
