C. The primary derailments in cellular biochemistry discussed may interact and amplify each other in a number of ways:

1. Depletion of cellular ATP reserves deprives the endoplasmic and plasma membrane Ca2+ pumps of fuel, causing elevation of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm. 2. Intracellular hypercalcemia facilitates formation of ROS and RNS, which oxidatively inactivates the Ca2+ pump, aggravating the hypercalcemia. 3. ROS and RNS can also drain the ATP reserves 3 ONOO can induce DNA singlestrand breaks, which activate poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP).