Research methodology
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Research methodology - Leaderboard
Research methodology - Details
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| What does research mean ? | Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and finally, carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis. |
| Why is research conducted (purpose)? | 1- To gain new knowledge,2- To find answers to questions,3-To test hypothesis,4-To create or construct a new system or procedure,5- To resolve or discuss controversies in an area of study,6- Review an existing problem. |
| What are the types of research? | Descriptive ,Analytical ,Basic ,Applied,Cross sectional,Longitudinal . |
| What is descriptive research? | Provides description of the sate of affairs as it exists at present.It provides characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied. it focusses on the “What” .They can only report what has happened or happening.then after that a hypothesis is generated. ex:. Prevalence of HCV in the world/Saudi Arabia. |
| What is analytical research ? | Analytical research uses facts or information available, and analyse to make a critical evaluation of the material.Larger and more complicated.Analytic research is conducted to test hypotheses. Ex:Risk factors, How people get the infection. |
| What is basic research? | Basic research involves gathering knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Helps to expand to broad body of scientific knowledge.Have general applications.Curiosity driven. Ex: Discovery of DNA structure. |
| What is applied research? | Applied research helps to solve a specific problem faced by a society or an organization.Development of technology.Specific application (to the problem under study). Ex:Novel treatments for specific genotypes of HCV. |
| What is cross sectional research ? | The cross sectional research is confined to a single time period. -What is happening at the present moment. -Inexpensive and fast -Provide important initial information. -Provide clues for future investigations. |
| What is Longitudinal research? | Longitudinal research is conducted over several time periods. -What happens over extended period of time. -More expensive and laborious. -May provide cause and effect relationships. -Participants may opt to drop out |
| What's qualitative research ? | Qualitative research deals with qualitative phenomena, ie. Quality or kind. -Qualitative data is not countable. -Exploratory. -Process oriented -Generally deals with ”YES or NO”, or “WHY or HOW” |
| What are the types of Quantitative data? | Discrete data is described as having a finite number of possible values. (The values must be whole numbers) Ex Number of students in the class.Continuous data contains data that can be measured, that includes fractions and decimals. Ex Students’ height, weight. |
| What's the significance of research? | Promotes development of logical thinking,Enhances our understanding of biological/cosmological phenomena,Aims at solving various problems in an organization or society,Development of new solutions/drugs.Helps you graduate by writing research thesis.Provides basis for various organizational/government policies related to health, economy . |
| What is criteria for good research? | 1-The purpose of research is clear. 2-Research methods are clearly described in detail for future repetition. 3-Carefully planned research design. 4-Unbiased reporting of data (describing flaws/limitations of design or data). 5-Integrity in data analysis. 6-Conclusions of the research must be justified by data 7-Integrity and commitment of researcher with the research. |
| What is the difference between Research Methods and Research Methodology? | Research Methods: All the methods and techniques that are utilized to achieve a given objective.(Tools to obtain new data,Tools for analyzing the data using statistical techniques).know the assumptions behind the methods, the rationale to use one particular method vs the other. Research Methodology: It is a general approach of systematically solving research problem.(Way of doing research scientifically,Encompasses all the steps in studying a research problem,Research methodology has a wider scope |
| What does Collectively Research Methodology involve? | -rationale behind the study. -defining research problem. stating hypothesis. -data collection using particular research methods. -Data analysis -Drawing conclusions -and a lot more depending on research projects. |
| What is quantitative research? | Quantitative research focusses on the measurement of quantity or amount. -applied to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. -Conclusive -Result oriented. -Generally deals with “how much” or “how many” -Quantitative data can be discrete or continuous (Surveys, interviews and questionnaires ) |
| What's the Research Problem? | A research problem is generally a statement about an unresolved question, a gap in the knowledge, condition to be improved, or difficulty to be eliminated.Starting with a general problem area, you eventually narrow down to an area of particular interest to you, and which is significant. |
| What are the Techniques of defining a problem? | -statement of a problem in a general way. -Comprehend the nature of the problem (by contemplation, discussions). -surveying the literature (helps specify the problem, find gaps). -discussions with colleagues and mentors. -Redefine the research problem |
| What's Literature survey? | The Literature survey provides an overview of current knowledge on a specific topic. |
| What's the literature survey purpose and process? | Purpose: It allows you to identify relevant theories, methods,controversies and gaps in the existing research. The process: Writing a literature review involves surveying scholarly sources- relevant publications (such as books and journal articles), critically analyzing them, and describing what you found. |
| What are the Literature survey key steps? | Search for relevant literature Evaluate sources Identify themes, debates and gaps Outline the structure Write your literature review |
| What is a good literature survey? | A good literature review doesn’t merely summarize sources – it analyzes, synthesizes, and critically evaluates to come up with a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the topic. |
| What are Library resources? | Use library resources to search for relevant sources,Alfaisal University’s library catalogue,Use your keywords to begin searching for sources,Google Scholar PUBMED, Medline (life sciences and biomedicine, using boolean operators to specify your answer. (AND,OR,NOT) |
| What's Hypothesis and Rationale? | A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific research study, it develops before the start of the study. Rationale is the logical foundation for stating hypothesis.(Rationale and hypothesis go side by side). |
| What are Research Objectives? | They are the specific accomplishments a researcher aims to achieve during the study. Objectives are means to test your hypothesis.In order to get the right solution a clearly defined objectives are very important.A clearly defined objective directs a researcher in the right direction. important feature of a good research study (proposal). |
| What are the Characteristics of Objectives (SMART)? | Specific - (what will you do? And how will you do it?) Measurable - (to determine if the objective is achieved or not) Achievable/Aligned – (you have resources to do) Relevant – (Relevant to your project) Time-Oriented – (specified time period, with milestones) |
| Between which atoms in a peptide bonds rotate to form φ and ψ angles, or form peptide bond? | -ϕ (phi): angle around the -carbon—amide nitrogen bond (1.46A) -ѱ (psi): angle around the -carbon—carbonyl carbon bond (1.53A) In a fully extended polypeptide, both ѱ and ϕ are 180° |
| Why peptide bonds can't rotate? | Theoretically ϕ and ѱ angles could take any value, yet some angles of rotation around the Cα are not sterically possible. they all reside in a single plane,Because of the partial double bond between the α carbon and the amine nitrogen, no rotation is possible around that bond. |
| What contracts effect the stability of a a-helix? | -Not all polypeptide sequences adopt a-helical structures -Small hydrophobic residues such as Ala and Leu are strong helix formers -Pro acts as a helix breaker because the rotation around the N-Ca bond is impossible -Gly acts as a helix breaker because the tiny R-group supports other conformations -Attractive or repulsive interactions between side chains 3–4 amino acids apart will affect formation |
| What are the Amino acids that form β-turns? | Proline in position 2 or glycine in position 3 are common in B-turns |
| What's the structure of β-turns. | Most peptide bonds not involving proline are in the trans configuration (>99.95%).For peptide bonds involving proline, about 6% are in the cis configuratio |
| What are the forces that stabilize α-helix and β-sheets? | -a-helix are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between nearby residues. -B-sheets are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent segments that may not be nearby. |
| What are the forces that stabilize tertiary and quaternary structures? | Tertiary structure is stabilized by Stabilized by numerous weak interactions between amino acid. -Largely hydrophobic and polar interactions, also hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces − Can be stabilized by disulfide bonds -Quaternary structure is held together by noncovalent bonds between complementary surface hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of polypeptide. |
| What are the major classes of proteins based on their tertiary structure? | -Fibrous proteins provide support, shape, and external protection (Insoluble ,hydrophobic amino acids ) Ex: a-Keratin,Silk,Collagen. -Globular proteins enzymes and regulatory proteins. Ex: plasma proteins and the immunoglobulin, Enzymes. |
| What's the definition of “motif”? | Motif (fold) is a recognizable pattern that involves two or more elements of secondary structure and connections between them. |
| What's the definition of “domain”? | Domain is a part of protein that independently stable or can move as a single entity with respect to the rest of the protein. |
| Why some proteins (or parts of proteins) are intrinsically disordered? | They Contain protein segments that Disordered regions less-defined structure. (Lys, Arg, Glu, and Pro) -they can conform to many different proteins, facilitating interaction with numerous different partner proteins. -They lack a hydrophobic core, and instead are characterized by high densities of charged amino acid residues, -Structural disorder and high charge density can facilitate the function of some proteins. |
| What are Intellectual Property Rights? | Contractual agreement determines the rights of university, funder, collaborator and the researcher,Maintaining confidentiality regarding the results of the research pending legal protection.researcher must protect the confidentiality of information provided. |
| What's Conflict of interest? | Situations in which financial or other personal considerations may compromise, or potentially comprise a researcher's professional judgment in conducting or reporting research. this should be avoided, if not it shall be disclosed to the appropriate people to minimize conflict. |
| What are some direct and indirect examples of conflict of interest? | Most direct example: being paid to say something untrue. Indirect example: Knowing that if you say something positive about a company that gave you a grant, you may be more likely to get a grant from them again in the future. |
| What's Moral Complicity? | Moral issues beyond scientific misconduct can arise depending on one’s field of research and funding source.EX:stem cell research, dual-use biological agents . |
| Is Animal experimentation necessary and subject to research ? | It remains a necessary part of the scientific discovery process and development of new medicines for veterinary and human clinical use. Dogs, cats and other animals suffer from cancers, heart diseases, diabetes, They can be used to study these conditions .Research involving these and other species enables the development . |
| How can we use animals in research? | 1-only when replacement alternatives are not available. 2-The work is fundamental to advances in understanding that will prevent suffering, protect and prolong human or animal life. 3-the animal use protocol has been approved by a relevant authority (IRB). (Protocols includes background, research objectives, including details of the species or strain of animal used) |
| What's the 3Rs principal? | They are basic principles related to the humane experimental techniques : Replacement: strategies to replace or avoid the use of animals in research and testing Reduce: reducing the number of animals used if possible Refine: refining experiments to cause less pain and distress |
| What are the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines ? | The reproducibility of biomedical research is a formidable challenge,Transparent and accurate reporting is vital to this process The minimum information necessary to report in publications describing in vivo experiments. |
| What are the ARRIVE Essential 10? | 1. Study design 2. Sample size 3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria 4. Randomisation 5. Blinding 6. Outcome measures 7. Statistical methods 8. Experimental animals 9. Experimental procedures 10. Results |
| What are some Unethical Examples of using humans for research ? | -Direct ophthalmic injection of toxic substances (Nazi) -Patients had been injected with live cancer cells (Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital, NY, 1963) -400 men had been left to suffer with syphilis long after a cure ( penicillin) was available. (Tuskegee, Alabama, 1932-72) |
| What's the Nuremberg Code and what are its three main elements? | The first attempt to answer these questions with guidelines for the use of human subjects of research 1-voluntary and informed consent 2-a favorable risk-to-benefit analysis 3- the right to withdraw without repercussions |
| What are the points of the Nuremberg Code 1-5 ? | 1.The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so with free power of choice, without force. 2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. 3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment. 4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. 5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects. |
| Why do imperfect people do imperfect things, what are the reasons? | – Socially acceptable practice we later deem wrong – ‘Misdemeanor’-level wrongs that we try to justify (e.g., taking shortcuts) – Missing something, especially with new methods or technology – One can become involved in research ethics violations through the wrongs of others. – Sometimes the right thing to do just isn’t clear – Self-deception and other psychological tendencies |
| What are the points of the Nuremberg Code 6-10 ? | 6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. 7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death. 8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. 9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible. 10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject. |
| What's The National Research Act and what are its main 3 principals? | It the Belmonte Report, the minimum requirements for ethical human subjects research: -respect for persons -beneficence -justice. |
| What are the Basic ethical standards in research? | -Disclosure: Disclose whether it is research or clinical study, nature and purpose of research, Procedures used, expected benefit to the participant or society, foreseeable risks, research subjects’ rights in case of injury, contact person. -Understanding: The participant must understand what has been explained and must be given the opportunity to ask questions and have them answered by someone fully conversant in the study particulars. -Voluntariness: The participant's consent to participate in the research must be voluntary, free of any coercion or inflated promise of benefits from participation -Competence: The participant must be competent to give consent. -Consent: The potential human subject must authorize his/her participation in the research study, preferably in writing |
| What are the Components of ethically valid informed consent for research? | -Proper identification: Giving clear details of who you are and what you are doing -Autonomy refers to the right of an individual to determine what activities they will or will not participate in. -Informed consent for example, not putting pressure on or deceiving the respondents. -The Privacy and confidentiality: the respondents' contributions should not be made available to other people. -The right to anonymity. Meaning that respondents' contributions must remain anonymous. -Safety of the research participant. Identify potential risks to the subject, to establish means of minimizing those risks, and to continually monitor the ongoing research for adverse events how will they be handled and who will provide care for a participant injured in a study and who will pay for that care. -Beneficience: risks vs. potential benefits to the individual and/or society. Justice. distribution of risk across society. |
| What are some Ethical obligation on authors in publications? | Authors to acknowledge external sources (Citation clubs, self citations –strongly discouraged). Authors-Only who made significant contributions. Those contributed materially though conceiving, executing or interpreting at least part of the relevant research.Co-authoring is accepting a commitment to reputation of publication.with other acknowledged to (Funders, colleagues, or others who assisted) |
| What is necessary in collaborative research publications? | It is necessary to seek permission for publication from all parties in advance.It must be disclosed to the publisher if a substantially.Accuracy of the published research should be ensure,If errors are identified in the published data, reasonable steps should be taken to correct errors in a correction, re-traction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means. |
| What's Research Ethics? | Refers to a diverse set of values, norms and institutional regulations that help constitute and regulate scientific activity. |
| What are the National and Institutional Committee and Board? | National Committee of BioEthics (NCBE),Alfaisal Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
| What is bioethics and what are the types? | -medical ethics, which focuses on issues in health care; -research ethics, which focuses issues in the conduct of research; -environmental ethics, which focuses on issues pertaining to the relationship between human activities and the environment, - public health ethics, which addresses ethical issues in public health. |
| Why do I need to worry about research ethics? | • It’s true that we can’t do much about the bad person who is determined to do evil things. • However, research ethics isn’t just – or even mostly about bad people doing bad things. |
| What are Professional Pressures? | •Publish or perish • Tenure/retaining a job • “Keeping up” with peers • Securing grants • Being first to a discovery thy all encourage shortcuts. |
| What are the moral foundations of research? | Doing good for humans, animals, the planet, future generations, etc. via the pursuit of truth and knowledge -Our duty to respect individuals -Our possible duties to animals -Our obligations to society |
| What is expected of a researcher? | -The truth:Be honest about your research. -The whole truth: Omission of parts of research findings might constitute research misconduct or violate other moral norms. -Nothing but the truth: It’s also dishonest to Puff up one’s results by adding irrelevant or misleading information, or overstating their significance. |
| To whom do we owe the truth, and why? | To all the stakeholders (those with direct and indirect involvement in a research study): • The public, for its funding support • Individual research participants, out of respect for their autonomy • Colleagues and collaborators, whose research may be based on our research • Funding institutions, for giving us resources • Research institutions/universities (our employers), for employment, resources, and because their reputations can be affected by what we do |
| What are Some areas of research ethics?s | 1-Research misconduct (falsification, fabrication and plagiarism) 2-Collaboration issues (Publications, authorship, data ownership and management) 3-Intellectual Property 4-Conflicts of interest or obligation 5-Complicity 6-Animal subject research 7-Human subject research |
| What does Responsible ethical conduct include ? | -applying for funding, -experimental design, -generating and analysing data, -using equipment and facilities, -publishing results and acknowledging the direct and indirect contribution of colleagues, collaborators and others. |
| Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism what does each of them mean? | 1- Fabrication : means making up data or results and recording or reporting them. 2-Falsification: means manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. 3-Plagiarism :means the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion. |
| What are Examples of research misconduct? | • Image manipulation • Data fabrication or falsification • Data omission/suppression • Plagiarism from the work of another - could also be ideas gleaned |
| What is Research Data Policy? | -Comply with the university’s policy on data management. -Clear and accurate records of the research procedures and the results obtained including interim and final results. -Rigor with which the experiment is conducted -Research data remains the property of the University when a researcher leaves. -Researcher must comply with any data protection and/or information security requirements. |
| What are some Collaboration issues ? | Publications, authorship, data ownership and management |
| What are some tools for statistics ? | 1-Excel. 2-SPSS 3-Graph pad. |
| How to interpret Probability Values? | -The p values enable us to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. -p values between 0.05 and 1.0 indicate that the observed deviation will be obtained by chance alone 5 percent or more of the time. |
| What are some of Statistical Tests (Used on numerical data)? | -T Test- to compare one or two groups. -ANOVA- to compare three or more groups. -Pearson test- to compare the association between variables. STATISTICAL TESTS ARE USED TO MEASURE THE DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. |
| -what's Statistical significance? | -How likely it is that the sample results indicate the situation for the whole population? -Are the results simply occasioned by chance or are they truly representative? (ARE THEY STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT?) |
| What's Relationship? | -Univariate analysis-analyses the qualities of one variable at a time. e.g students height in class -Bivariate analysis-considers the properties of two variables in relation to each other. Inferences can be drawn from this type of analysis.e.g Ice cream sales in summer season. -Multivariate analysis-looks at the relationship between more than two variables. Again inferences can be drawn from results.e.g A doctor has collected data on cholesterol |
| What's Measures of Dispersion? | 1-Range is difference between the highest and lowest values of the extreme items in the series 2-Mean deviation is the average of difference of the values from some average of the series (e.g., mean deviation from mean, mean deviation from median) 3-Standard deviation is the square root of the average of squares of deviations from the arithmetic average |
| What are Measures of Central Tendency? | Measures of central tendency (or statistical averages) estimate the point about which items have a tendency to cluster. -Mean or arithmetic average (Mean=sum of all data points/number of data points) -The median is found by ordering the set from lowest to highest and finding the exact middle. (Median ?=????? ?? ((?+1)/2)?ℎ ????) -Mode (Z) is the most commonly or frequently occurring value in a series |
| What are the Statistical Measures? | 1.Central tendency or statistical averages 2.Dispersion 3.Asymmetry (skewness) 4.Relationship |
| How is a data set created? | Data may be compiled at the collection step, some times needs further compilation. It can be machine read or manually entered. The use of rows and columns on a spreadsheet is the most common technique. A row is given to each record or case and each column is given to a variable, allowing each cell contain the data for the case/variable. |
| What are the Types of Analysis? | -Correlation analysis studies the joint variation of two and more variables to determine whether and how much they are related to each other -Causal analysis determines how one variable(s) affect changes in other variable(s) |
| What is Inferential Statistics concerned with? | 1. Estimation of population parameters 2. Testing of statistical hypotheses |
| What are the types of statistics in research and what's their definition? | -Descriptive statistics concern the development of certain indices from the raw data such as the mean or standard deviation.(Deals with how the values of a variable are distributed). -Inferential statistics concern with the process of generalization and involves drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation. |
| What's statistics? | -is used in data collection, analysis, interpretation, explanation and presentation. -It guides researchers in research for proper characterization, summarization, presentation and interpretation of the result of research |
| What does Statistical methods mean? | They are mathematical formulas, models, and techniques that are used in statistical analysis of raw research data. |