| ____________is an increase in the normal thoracic kyphotic
curve, with protracted scapular & forward head posture. | What does Hyperkyphosis look like? |
| Sustained poor posture, extended periods of sitting at a desk/cellphone usage, over emphasis on flexion or pectoral strengthening exercises, pathologies (like osteoporosis) | What are some causes for Hyperkyphosis? |
| - Pain from facet joint approximation (closeness),
- Muscle Imbalances
- Thoracic, cervical and rib ROM is reduced
- Poor Postural Habits
- TOS or TMJ | Functional symptoms of Hyperkyphosis? |
| _________________ is a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between your collarbone and your first rib (______ outlet) are compressed. | What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)? |
| Wedging or spinal fusion. Postural displacement of the nucleus pulposus. These are possible structural causes of __________________? | Structural symptoms of Hyperkyphosis? |
| - Decrease sympathetic nervous system firing VIA diaphragmatic breathing (calm)
- Reduce fascial/muscle restrictions via stretching.
- Reduce hypertonicity/muscle tightness and trigger points (massaging the area)
- Mobilize hyPOmobile (low ROM) joints.
- Strengthen weak structures
- Improve posture
This treats both ________ and __________? | How do you treat Hyperkyphosis and/or Hyperlordosis? (6) |
| ________________ is an increase in the normal lumbar lordotic curve with increased anterior pelvic tilt and hip flexion. | Hyperlordosis is what? |
| •Sustained poor posture
• Prolonged standing
• Other postural conditions; pes planus & illiotibial band contracture
• Weak abdominal muscles
• Pregnancy
• Obesity
These can cause what condition? | Causes of Hyperlordosis? |
| • Compensatory hyperkyphosis
• Spondylothesis - a defect of the neural arch.
• Head forward posture | Pathologies & compensatory postural dysfunctions (that may
be present) with Hyperlordosis? |
| Hip flexors & lumbar extensors short and tight / Abdominals weak & stretched.
Hamstrings & gluteus Maximus are stretched & taut (compensating for anterior pelvic tilt) /The adductors may be short & tight (also compensating for the anterior tilt)
This can cause? | Muscular imbalances of Hyperlordosis? |
| - Prolonged paralysis/paresys of a structure due to nerve damage (nerve scarring)
- Prolonged immobilization
- Response to tissue damage (external, artheritis/disease, etc) | What causes scar tissue? (3) |
| Contracture; Adhesion | The two types of scarring that cause a reduction in ROM:
___________ – shortening of connective tissue or structures over or around a joint
___________ -- Reduced motion at a joint allows cross links to form among collagen fibres |
| Scar tissue adhesions are? | ___ ____ ____ with an injury or acute inflammatory response. Collagen fibres form in a
random pattern adhering structures together – skin, muscle, fascia, |
| ____________ occur when there is ongoing chronic inflammation. | Fibrotic Adhesions occur when.... |
| Irreversible contracture is what? | ______ ______ – fibrotic tissue or bone replaces muscle and connective tissue |
| What is "Proud Flesh" scarring? | ________ results from an abnormal healing process. A raised red structure, composed of
disorganised collagen & capillaries is evident. |
| The following is treatment for what:
• Reduce fascial restrictions & trigger points in surrounding musculature
• Treat periphery of ____ tissue first, gradually working up to direct fascial release of ____
• Passively stretch area following treatment | How to treat scarring? |
| ________ is an overstretch injury to a musculotendinous unit | Define "strain". |
| • local edema, heat and bruising are minimal or not present
• tenderness at lesion site
• little or no loss of strength or ROM
• client can continue activity
What level of strain is this? | What are the 4 points of a Grade 1 Strain? |
| • Tearing of several or many fibres of the musculotendinous unit
• Snapping noise or sensation at time of injury
• Moderate local edema, heat, hematoma & bruising are present
• A gap may be palpated in the tissue
• Moderate tenderness at lesion site
• Moderate Pain at site, when in use
• Unable to continue activity; disability following day
What grade of Strain is this? | What are 4 points of a Grade 2 Strain? |
| Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation is used to treat, specifically, what grade of strain? | What does "RICE" mean? |
| • Reduce nervous system firing/diaphragmatic breathing
• Treat compensating structures.
• Reduce swelling/edema/RICE
• Do no destrub hematoma/bruise
• Increase/Maintain ROM
• Maintain circulation
• Reduce trigger points
• Reduce spasm IF NOT ACUTE and stretch scar IF CHRONIC | How to treat a Grade 3 Strain, generally? |
| • Grade 1; with support 1-2 days after injury
• Grade 2; several days to weeks. Support may be required
• Grade 3; immobilization is generally removed at 4-8 weeks. Return to activity may be delayed for
another 2+ weeks due to muscular atrophy. | When should the 3 grades of strains return to activity? |
| The difference:
Strains happen to musculotendinous units/muscles.
Sprains happen to ligaments/connective tissue. | What's the difference between a strain and a sprain? |
| Trauma related sudden twist or wrench of a joint beyond its normal ROM is called what? | What causes sprains? |
| Grade ???
• Minor stretch to ligament
• Pain is mild & local to injury site, both at rest and during activities that stress ligament
• Minimum local edema, heat & bruising arepresent
• Client may continue activity | Symptoms of a Grade 1 Sprain: |
| Grade ???
• tearing of some or many ligament fibres
• There is a snapping noise and joint gives way
• Pain is moderate at rest & with activities that stress the ligament
• Moderate local edema, heat and bruising are present
• Joint instability if present is slight
• Client has difficulty continuing activity due to pain | Symptoms of a Grade 2 Sprain: |
| Grade ???
• There is a snapping noise
• Pain may be intense or mild at rest
• Marked local edema, heat & bruising are present
• May have hematoma, or fluid in joint (hemathorosis)
• Unstable
• Unable to continue activity | Symptoms of a Grade 3 Sprain: |
| • RICE
• Reduce pain, decrease sympathetic nervous system firing
• Treat compensating structures
• Reduce edema
• Maintain local circulation proximal to injury site
• Reduce but do not remove protective muscle spasm
• Maintain ROM
• Treat other conditions/reduce spasm/reduce trigger | How to treat a sprain? |
| • Grade 1 sprain; 4-5 days
• Grade 2 sprain; 7-14 days
• Grade 3 sprain; immobilization usually removed at 6-8weeks. This could take several months to heal completely. | Return to activity for sprains?; ( a rough guideline)
• Grade 1 sprain; ???
• Grade 2 sprain; ???
• Grade 3 sprain; ??? |
| Cruciate Ligaments. | Name this ligament. |
| This | Which is the ACL and which is the PCL? |
| The ACL is injured more often than the PCL because it is the strongest of the two __(what does C stand for)__ ligaments. | Which is more often injured? The Anterior Cruciate Ligament or the Posterior Cruciate Ligament? Which is stronger? |
| The ACL connects what two bones? | The _CL prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward from underneath the femur. It limits their rotation. |
| The _CL is mainly a stabilizer joint. | What is the main function of the PCL? |
| It prevents the sideways motion of your knee. | What does the medial collateral ligament do? |
| - Blow to lateral/outer knee
- Forced hyperextension with internal rotation of the tibia
- Blow to posterior/back tibia
This causes _CL injury. | What are the main causes of ACL injury? |
| - Blow to anterior/inner knee
- Excessive hypertension, or in a motor vehicle accident ‘dashboard injury” where the tibia is forced posteriorly during an accident | What are the main causes of PCL injury? |
